Alkynyl phenyl derivative compounds for treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders

ABSTRACT

Provided are alkynyl phenyl derivative compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt&#39;s Disease, using said compounds and compositions.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/947,321, filed on Jun. 29, 2007, which application is incorporatedherein in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, andAlzheimer's disease, affect millions of patients throughout the world.Because the loss of quality of life associated with these diseases isconsiderable, drug research and development in this area is of greatimportance.

Macular degeneration affects between ten and fifteen million patients inthe United States, and it is the leading cause of blindness in agingpopulations worldwide. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affectscentral vision and causes the loss of photoreceptor cells in the centralpart of retina called the macula. Macular degeneration can be classifiedinto two types: dry-type and wet-type. The dry-form is more common thanthe wet; about 90% of age-related macular degeneration patients arediagnosed with the dry-form. The wet-form of the disease and geographicatrophy, which is the end-stage phenotype of dry AMD, causes the mostserious vision loss. All patients who develop wet-form AMD are believedto previously have developed dry-form AMD for a prolonged period oftime. The exact causes of age-related macular degeneration are stillunknown. The dry-form of AMD may result from the senescence and thinningof macular tissues associated with the deposition of pigment in themacular retinal pigment epithelium. In wet AMD, new blood vessels growbeneath the retina, form scar tissue, bleed, and leak fluid. Theoverlying retina can be severely damaged, creating “blind” areas in thecentral vision.

For the vast majority of patients who have the dry-form of maculardegeneration, no effective treatment is yet available. Because thedry-form precedes development of the wet-form of macular degeneration,therapeutic intervention to prevent or delay disease progression in thedry-form AMD would benefit patients with dry-form AMD and might reducethe incidence of the wet-form.

Decline of vision noticed by the patient or characteristic featuresdetected by an ophthalmologist during a routine eye exam may be thefirst indicator of age-related macular degeneration. The formation of“drusen,” or membranous debris beneath the retinal pigment epithelium ofthe macula is often the first physical sign that AMD is developing. Latesymptoms include the perceived distortion of straight lines and, inadvanced cases, a dark, blurry area or area with absent vision appearsin the center of vision; and/or there may be color perception changes.

Different forms of genetically-linked macular degenerations may alsooccur in younger patients. In other maculopathies, factors in thedisease are heredity, nutritional, traumatic, infection, or otherecologic factors.

Glaucoma is a broad term used to describe a group of diseases thatcauses a slowly progressive visual field loss, usually asymptomatically.The lack of symptoms may lead to a delayed diagnosis of glaucoma untilthe terminal stages of the disease. The prevalence of glaucoma isestimated to be 2.2 million in the United States, with about 120,000cases of blindness attributable to the condition. The disease isparticularly prevalent in Japan, which has four million reported cases.In many parts of the world, treatment is less accessible than in theUnited States and Japan, thus glaucoma ranks as a leading cause ofblindness worldwide. Even if subjects afflicted with glaucoma do notbecome blind, their vision is often severely impaired.

The progressive loss of peripheral visual field in glaucoma is caused bythe death of ganglion cells in the retina. Ganglion cells are a specifictype of projection neuron that connects the eye to the brain. Glaucomais usually accompanied by an increase in intraocular pressure. Currenttreatment includes use of drugs that lower the intraocular pressure;however, contemporary methods to lower the intraocular pressure areoften insufficient to completely stop disease progression. Ganglioncells are believed to be susceptible to pressure and may sufferpermanent degeneration prior to the lowering of intraocular pressure. Anincreasing number of cases of normal-tension glaucoma are observed inwhich ganglion cells degenerate without an observed increase in theintraocular pressure. Current glaucoma drugs only treat intraocularpressure and are ineffective in preventing or reversing the degenerationof ganglion cells.

Recent reports suggest that glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease,similar to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in the brain,except that it specifically affects retinal neurons. The retinal neuronsof the eye originate from diencephalon neurons of the brain. Thoughretinal neurons are often mistakenly thought not to be part of thebrain, retinal cells are key components of the central nervous system,interpreting the signals from the light-sensing cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among theelderly. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person'sability to carry out daily activities. Alzheimer's is a disease thataffects four million people in the United States alone. It ischaracterized by a loss of nerve cells in areas of the brain that arevital to memory and other mental functions. Currently available drugscan ameliorate AD symptoms for a relatively period of time, but no drugsare available that treat the disease or completely stop the progressivedecline in mental function. Recent research suggests that glial cellsthat support the neurons or nerve cells may have defects in ADsufferers, but the cause of AD remains unknown. Individuals with AD seemto have a higher incidence of glaucoma and age-related maculardegeneration, indicating that similar pathogenesis may underlie theseneurodegenerative diseases of the eye and brain. (See Giasson et al.,Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32:1264-75 (2002); Johnson et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 99:11830-35 (2002); Dentchev et al., Mol. Vis. 9:184-90(2003)).

Neuronal cell death underlies the pathology of these diseases.Unfortunately, very few compositions and methods that enhance retinalneuronal cell survival, particularly photoreceptor cell survival, havebeen discovered. A need therefore exists to identify and developcompositions that that can be used for treatment and prophylaxis of anumber of retinal diseases and disorders that have neuronal cell deathas a primary, or associated, element in their pathogenesis.

In vertebrate photoreceptor cells, the irradiance of a photon causesisomerization of 11-cis-retinylidene chromophore toall-trans-retinylidene and uncoupling from the visual opsin receptors.This photoisomerization triggers conformational changes of opsins,which, in turn, initiate the biochemical chain of reactions termedphototransduction (Filipek et al., Annu. Rev. Physiol. 65:851-79(2003)). Regeneration of the visual pigments requires that thechromophore be converted back to the 11-cis-configuration in theprocesses collectively called the retinoid (visual) cycle (see, e.g.,McBee et al., Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20:469-52 (2001)). First, thechromophore is released from the opsin and reduced in the photoreceptorby retinol dehydrogenases. The product, all-trans-retinol, is trapped inthe adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the form of insolublefatty acid esters in subcellular structures known as retinosomes(Imanishi et al., J. Cell Biol. 164:373-87 (2004)).

In Stargardt's disease (Allikmets et al., Nat. Genet. 15:236-46 (1997)),a disease associated with mutations in the ABCR transporter that acts asa flippase, the accumulation of all-trans-retinal may be responsible forthe formation of a lipofuscin pigment, A2E, which is toxic towardsretinal pigment epithelial cells and causes progressive retinaldegeneration and, consequently, loss of vision (Mata et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 97:7154-59 (2000); Weng et al., Cell 98:13-23 (1999)).Treating patients with an inhibitor of retinol dehydrogenases, 13-cis-RA(Isotretinoin, Accutane®, Roche), has been considered as a therapy thatmight prevent or slow the formation of A2E and might have protectiveproperties to maintain normal vision (Radu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 100:4742-47 (2003)). 13-cis-RA has been used to slow thesynthesis of 11-cis-retinal by inhibiting 11-cis-RDH (Law et al.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161:825-9 (1989)), but its use can alsobe associated with significant night blindness. Others have proposedthat 13-cis-RA works to prevent chromophore regeneration by bindingRPE65, a protein essential for the isomerization process in the eye(Gollapalli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:10030-35 (2004)).Gollapalli et al. reported that 13-cis-RA blocked the formation of A2Eand suggested that this treatment may inhibit lipofuscin accumulationand, thus, delay either the onset of visual loss in Stargardt's diseaseor age-related macular degeneration, which are both associated withretinal pigment-associated lipofuscin accumulation. However, blockingthe retinoid cycle and forming unliganded opsin may result in moresevere consequences and worsening of the patient's prognosis (see, e.g.,Van Hooser et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:19173-82 (2002); Woodruff et al.,Nat. Genet. 35:158-164 (2003)). Failure of the chromophore to form maylead to progressive retinal degeneration and may produce a phenotypesimilar to Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA), is a very rare geneticcondition affecting children shortly after birth.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A need exists in the art for an effective treatment for Stargardt'sdisease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) without causingfurther unwanted side effects such as progressive retinal degeneration,LCA-like conditions, night blindness, or systemic vitamin A deficiency.A need also exists in the art for effective treatments for otherophthalmic diseases and disorders that adversely affect the retina.

The present invention relates to alkynyl phenyl derivative compounds,which are inhibitors of an isomerization step of the retinoid cycle andare useful for treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders. Also providedare pharmaceutical compositions comprising the alkynyl phenyl derivativecompounds and methods for treating various ophthalmic diseases usingthese compounds.

In one embodiment is a compound having a structure of Formula (A):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:

-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   Z is a bond, —C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—,    or —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R²⁵)(R²⁶)—C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—C(R¹)(R²)—,    —C(R³²)(R³³)—X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—;-   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —N(R³¹)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═CH₂)—,    —C(═N—NR³⁵)—, or —C(═N—OR³⁵)—;-   Y is a bond, —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—, or —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—C(R²⁹)(R³⁰)—;-   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² together form    an oxo;-   R²¹, R²², R³² and R³³ are each independently selected from hydrogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, or fluoroalkyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₅    alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an    oxo; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹ together form a direct    bond to provide a double bond; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹    together form a direct bond, and R²⁴ and an adjacent R² together    form a direct bond to provide a triple bond;-   R²⁵ and R²⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R²⁵ and R²⁶ together    form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,    heteroalkyl, alkenyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl or    C-attached heterocyclyl; or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom    to which they are attached, form a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl; or    R³ and R⁴ together form an imino;-   R⁵ is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl,    heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,    heteroaryl, —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R)₂; or    R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and each is independently alkyl,    alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, heteroalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl,    —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R⁹)₂; or R¹² and R¹³    together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶;-   each R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹ and R³¹ are the same or different and    independently hydrogen, alkyl or —OR⁶; and-   R³⁰ and R³⁵ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is aryl.In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is anunsaturated carbocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (A) wherein R⁵ is a bicyclic carbocyclyl. In another embodimentis the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is norbornyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ isphenyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula (B):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:

-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² together form    an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸, together    with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, alkenyl,    aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or    carbocyclyl; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁵ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,    alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, aryl or aralkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein R¹ and R²,are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, whereinR⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independentlyhydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein R¹ and R²are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein m is 0; nis 0, 1 or 2; and each R¹⁵ is independently alkyl, —OR⁶ or aryl.

In another embodiment the compound is selected from:3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(biphenyl-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol; and3-amino-1-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl. In another embodiment is the compound whereineach of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ is hydrogen. In another embodimentis the compound of Formula (A) wherein m is 0.

In another embodiment is the compound3-(3-(naphthalen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ isC(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷)(R¹⁸), Y is a bond and the compound has a structure ofFormula (C):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R¹ and R² are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or    R¹ and R² form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸, together    with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, alkenyl,    aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl,    fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or-   R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, —OR⁶, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(C) wherein R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ areeach independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) wherein mis 0, and R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogenor —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are eachhydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) whereineach of R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclylor aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from:4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-2-ol;2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;6-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol;4-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;6-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol; and3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) wherein R¹⁶ is—OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, and each of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from:1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;5-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol;3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol;3-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;3-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-oi;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;3-amino-2-methyl-1-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)— and R⁵ is carbocyclyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ iscycloalkyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula (D):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;-   R¹ and R² are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or    R¹ and R² together form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,    heteroaryl, or —C(═O)_(k9); or R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen    atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, alkenyl,    aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or    carbocyclyl; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo;-   R¹² and R¹³ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the    nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,    halo or fluoroalkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(D) wherein R¹ and R², are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ areeach independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein pis 3 and R⁵ is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein p is 4, and R⁵ is asubstituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In another embodiment is thecompound of Formula (D) wherein p is 5, and R⁵ is a substituted orunsubstituted cycloheptyl. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (D) wherein R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compoundof Formula (D) wherein m is 0. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (D) wherein q is 0. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (D) wherein q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and each R¹⁹ is independentlyalkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from the following:3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol; and1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein R¹² ishydrogen, and R¹³ is —C(═O)R⁹, wherein R⁹ is alkyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein R¹ and R² are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (D), wherein m is 0. In anotherembodiment is the compound of claim 36, wherein q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,and each R¹⁹ is independently alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D),wherein p is 4, and R⁵ is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.

In another embodiment is the compoundN-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, wherein R⁵ is heterocyclyl and Y is a bond. Inanother embodiment is the compound wherein the heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.In another embodiment is the compound wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ ishydrogen.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, wherein Y is a bond, R⁵ is heterocyclyl and theheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen and whereinR¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, wherein Y is a bond, R⁵ is heterocyclyl and theheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen and whereineach of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ is hydrogen. In another embodimentis the compound wherein m is 0.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from the following:4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol; and4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, and R⁵ is heteroaryl and Y is a bond. Inanother embodiment is the compound wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ ishydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound wherein R¹ and R², areeach independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; andR³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound wherein each of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound wherein m is 0.

In another embodiment is the compound wherein the compound is selectedfrom: 3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine; and3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—O—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula(E):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or    fluoroalkyl;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R⁵ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ is anunsaturated carbocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (E) wherein R⁵ is a bicyclic carbocyclyl. In another embodimentis the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ is norbornyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ is—C(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷)(R¹⁸), Y is a bond and the compound has a structure ofFormula (F):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or    fluoroalkyl;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, —OR⁶, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (F) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(F) wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³ and R⁴ is independently hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (F)wherein m is 0. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (F)wherein each of R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or—OR⁶, wherein each R⁶ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inanother embodiment is the compound of Formula (F) wherein each of R¹⁶,R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from:4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;5-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol;4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol;2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;2-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;6-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol;2-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;2-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine; and2-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E), wherein R⁵ iscarbocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E)wherein R⁵ is a cycloalkyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structureof Formula (G):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   p is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;-   R²¹ and R²² are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or fluoroalkyl;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,    halo or fluoroalkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (G) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(G) wherein m is 0. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (G)wherein R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; andR³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (G) wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³and R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl. In another embodiment is the compoundof Formula (G) wherein, q is 0 or 1, and each R¹⁹ is independently alkylor —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound is selected from:1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol;2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine; and1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cycloheptanol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ isheterocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E)wherein m is 0 and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³and R⁴ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound2-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E), wherein R⁵ isaryl.

In another embodiment is the compound2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.

In another embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the compound of any one ofFormulas (A)-(G).

In yet another embodiment is a compound that inhibits 11-cis-retinolproduction with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less when assayed in vitro,utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 and LRAT, wherein theextract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compound is stable insolution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. In a specificembodiment, the compound inhibits 11-cis-retinol production with an IC50of about 100 nM or less when assayed in vitro, utilizing extract ofcells that express RPE65 and LRAT, wherein the extract further comprisesCRALBP, wherein the compound is stable in solution for at least about 1week at room temperature. In a further embodiment, the compound inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 10 nM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, 4months, 6 months, 8 months, 10 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 yeas orlonger, at room temperature.

In an additional embodiment is a non-retinoid compound that inhibits anisomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cis retinol, whereinsaid isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein said compound has anED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to a subject. In afurther embodiment is a non-retinoid compound of wherein the ED50 valueis measured after administering a single dose of the compound to saidsubject for about 2 hours or longer. In an additional embodiment thecompound is an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound. In a furtherembodiment the compound is a non-retinoid compound.

In a further embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. Inan additional embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-retinoid compound thatinhibits an isomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cisretinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein saidcompound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to asubject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofmodulating chromophore flux in a retinoid cycle comprising introducinginto a subject a compound disclosed herein, including a compound of anyone of Formulae (A)-(G) respective substructures thereof. In a furtherembodiment the method results in a reduction of lipofuscin pigmentaccumulated in an eye of the subject. In yet another embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In yet another embodiment is a method for treating an ophthalmic diseaseor disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectcompounds or the pharmaceutical composition described herein. In afurther embodiment, the ophthalmic disease or disorder is age-relatedmacular degeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. In yet anotherembodiment the method results in a reduction of lipofuscin pigmentaccumulated in an eye of the subject. In yet another embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In additional embodiments, the ophthalmic disease or disorder isselected from retinal detachment, hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitispigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, opticneuropathy, inflammatory retinal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticmaculopathy, retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity,or ischemia reperfusion related retinal injury, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorderassociated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated withmultiple sclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson'sdisease, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinaldisorder related to light overexposure, myopia, and a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting dark adaptation of arod photoreceptor cell of the retina comprising contacting the retinawith a compound disclosed herein, including a compound of any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) their respective substructures thereof.

In an additional embodiment is a method of inhibiting regeneration ofrhodopsin in a rod photoreceptor cell of the retina comprisingcontacting the retina with a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) andtheir respective substructures thereof, a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject.

In a further embodiment is a method of reducing ischemia in an eye of asubject comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition of a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and theirrespective substructures thereof, a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered under conditions and at a time sufficient toinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducingischemia in the eye.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting neovascularization inthe retina of an eye of a subject comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition of a compound of any one ofFormulae (A)-(G), and their respective substructures thereof. In aspecific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredunder conditions and at a time sufficient to inhibit dark adaptation ofa rod photoreceptor cell, thereby inhibiting neovascularization in theretina.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting degeneration of aretinal cell in a retina comprising contacting the retina with thecompound of the compound of Formula (A), a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered under conditions and at a time sufficient toinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducingischemia in the eye. In a specific embodiment is the method wherein theretinal cell is a retinal neuronal cell. In a certain embodiment, theretinal neuronal cell is a photoreceptor cell

In another embodiment, a method is provided for treating an ophthalmicdisease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and a compound having a structure of any of Formula(A)-(G) as described above and herein. In one embodiment, the ophthalmicdisease or disorder is a retinal disease or disorder. In specificembodiments, the retinal disease or disorder is age-related maculardegeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. In another embodiment,the ophthalmic disease or disorder is selected from retinal detachment,hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, optic neuropathy,inflammatory retinal disease, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinaldystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy,uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorder associated withAlzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated with multiplesclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson's disease, aretinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinal disorderrelated to light overexposure, and a retinal disorder associated withAIDS. In yet another embodiment, the ophthalmic disease or disorder isselected from diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, retinal bloodvessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, or ischemia reperfusionrelated retinal injury.

Further provided is a method of reducing lipofuscin pigment accumulatedin a subject's retina comprising administering to the subject apharmaceutical composition described here. In one embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In another embodiment, a method of inhibiting at least one visual cycletrans-cis isomerase in a cell is provided, wherein the method comprisescontacting the cell with a compound having a structure of any ofFormulae (A)-(G) as described herein, thereby inhibiting the at leastone visual cycle trans-cis isomerase. In one certain embodiment, thecell is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.

Also provided herein in another embodiment is a method of inhibiting atleast one visual cycle trans-cis isomerase in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having a structure ofany of Formulae (A)-(G) as described herein. In certain embodiments, thesubject is a human or is a non-human animal.

In particular embodiments of the methods described above and herein,accumulation of lipofuscin pigment is inhibited in an eye of thesubject, and in certain particular embodiments, the lipofuscin pigmentis N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E). In other certainembodiments, degeneration of a retinal cell is inhibited. In a specificembodiment, the retinal cell is a retinal neuronal cell, wherein theretinal neuronal cell is a photoreceptor cell, an amacrine cell, ahorizontal cell, a ganglion cell, or a bipolar cell. In another specificembodiment, the retinal cell is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.

Additionally, in one embodiment, a compound is provided that has astructure of Formula (I):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl; or-   R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₅ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₇ and R₈ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R₉; or R₇ and R₈, together with the    nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   X is C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— or —O—;-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl;    or-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ form an oxo;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆.

Also provided are compounds having structures of Formulae (II), (IIa),(IIb), (IIc), (III), (IIIa) and (IIIb):

wherein, m, n, p, q, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂,R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, R₁₈ and R₁₉, are as defined above and herein(see Detailed Description).

Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having a structure ofFormula (I):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein:wherein, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄ and X are as defined herein.

Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compoundhaving a structure of any of Formulae (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), (III),(IIIa) and (IIIb):

wherein, m, n, p, q, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂,R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, R₁₈ and R₁₉ are as defined above and herein(see Detailed Description).

In an additional embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound disclosed herein,including without limitation a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G)and (I)-(III), and their respective substructures thereof.

In yet another embodiment is a compound that inhibits 1′-cis-retinolproduction with an IC₅₀ of about 1 μM or less when assayed in vitro,utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 and LRAT, wherein theextract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compound is stable insolution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. In a specificembodiment, the compound inhibits 1-cis-retinol production with an IC₅₀of about 100 nM or less when assayed in vitro, utilizing extract ofcells that express RPE65 and LRAT, wherein the extract further comprisesCRALBP, wherein the compound is stable in solution for at least about 1week at room temperature. In a further embodiment, the compound inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC₅₀ of about 10 nM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, 4months, 6 months, 8 months, 10 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years orlonger, at room temperature.

In an additional embodiment is a non-retinoid compound that inhibits anisomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cis retinol, whereinsaid isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein said compound has anED₅₀ value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to a subject. In afurther embodiment is a non-retinoid compound of wherein the ED₅₀ valueis measured after administering a single dose of the compound to saidsubject for about 2 hours or longer. In an additional embodiment thecompound is an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound. In a furtherembodiment the compound is a non-retinoid compound.

In a further embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC₅₀ of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. Inan additional embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-retinoid compound thatinhibits an isomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cisretinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein saidcompound has an ED₅₀ value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to asubject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofmodulating chromophore flux in a retinoid cycle comprising introducinginto a subject a compound disclosed herein, including a compound of anyone of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and their respectivesubstructures thereof. In a further embodiment the method results in areduction of lipofuscin pigment accumulated in an eye of the subject. Inyet another embodiment the lipofuscin pigment isN-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In yet another embodiment is a method for treating an ophthalmic diseaseor disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectcompounds or the pharmaceutical composition described herein. In afurther embodiment, the ophthalmic disease or disorder is age-relatedmacular degeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. In yet anotherembodiment the method results in a reduction of lipofuscin pigmentaccumulated in an eye of the subject. In yet another embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In additional embodiments, the ophthalmic disease or disorder isselected from retinal detachment, hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitispigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, opticneuropathy, inflammatory retinal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticmaculopathy, retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity,or ischemia reperfusion related retinal injury, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorderassociated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated withmultiple sclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson'sdisease, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinaldisorder related to light overexposure, myopia, and a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting dark adaptation of arod photoreceptor cell of the retina comprising contacting the retinawith a compound disclosed herein, including a compound of any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and their respective substructuresthereof.

In an additional embodiment is a method of inhibiting regeneration ofrhodopsin in a rod photoreceptor cell of the retina comprisingcontacting the retina with a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and(I)-(III), and their respective substructures thereof, a compound thatinhibits 11-cis-retinol production with an IC₅₀ of about 1 μM or lesswhen assayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED₅₀ value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject.

In a further embodiment is a method of reducing ischemia in an eye of asubject comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition of a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III),and their respective substructures thereof, a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC₅₀ of about 1 μM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED₅₀ value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered under conditions and at a time sufficient toinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducingischemia in the eye.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting neovascularization inthe retina of an eye of a subject comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition of a compound of any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and their respective substructuresthereof. In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition isadministered under conditions and at a time sufficient to inhibit darkadaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby inhibitingneovascularization in the retina.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting degeneration of aretinal cell in a retina comprising contacting the retina with thecompound of the compound of Formula (A), a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC₅₀ of about 1 μM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED₅₀ value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered under conditions and at a time sufficient toinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducingischemia in the eye. In a specific embodiment is the method wherein theretinal cell is a retinal neuronal cell. In a certain embodiment, theretinal neuronal cell is a photoreceptor cell

In another embodiment, a method is provided for treating an ophthalmicdisease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and a compound having a structure of any of Formulae(A)-(G) and (I)-(III) as described above and herein. In one embodiment,the ophthalmic disease or disorder is a retinal disease or disorder. Inspecific embodiments, the retinal disease or disorder is age-relatedmacular degeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. In anotherembodiment, the ophthalmic disease or disorder is selected from retinaldetachment, hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, opticneuropathy, inflammatory retinal disease, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorderassociated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated withmultiple sclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson'sdisease, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinaldisorder related to light overexposure, and a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS. In yet another embodiment, the ophthalmic diseaseor disorder is selected from diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy,retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, or ischemiareperfusion related retinal injury.

Further provided is a method of reducing lipofuscin pigment accumulatedin a subject's retina comprising administering to the subject apharmaceutical composition described here. In one embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In another embodiment, a method of inhibiting at least one visual cycletrans-cis isomerase in a cell is provided, wherein the method comprisescontacting the cell with a compound having a structure of any ofFormulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III) as described herein, thereby inhibitingthe at least one visual cycle trans-cis isomerase. In one certainembodiment, the cell is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.

Also provided herein in another embodiment is a method of inhibiting atleast one visual cycle trans-cis isomerase in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having a structure ofany of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III) as described herein. In certainembodiments, the subject is a human or is a non-human animal.

In particular embodiments of the methods described above and herein,accumulation of lipofuscin pigment is inhibited in an eye of thesubject, and in certain particular embodiments, the lipofuscin pigmentis N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E). In other certainembodiments, degeneration of a retinal cell is inhibited. In a specificembodiment, the retinal cell is a retinal neuronal cell, wherein theretinal neuronal cell is a photoreceptor cell, an amacrine cell, ahorizontal cell, a ganglion cell, or a bipolar cell. In another specificembodiment, the retinal cell is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an agent” includesa plurality of such agents, and reference to “the cell” includesreference to one or more cells (or to a plurality of cells) andequivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecularweight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, allcombinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodimentstherein are intended to be included. The term “about” when referring toa number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical rangereferred to is an approximation within experimental variability (orwithin statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numericalrange may vary between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numericalrange. The term “comprising” (and related terms such as “comprise” or“comprises” or “having” or “including”) is not intended to exclude thatin other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of anycomposition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like,described herein, may “consist of” or “consist essentially of” thedescribed features.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 2 in the in vitro recombinant RPE65/LRAT system.

FIG. 2 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 2 in vivo.

FIG. 3 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 18 in vivo.

FIG. 4 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 19 in vivo.

FIG. 5 depicts a concentration-dependent inhibition of isomeraseactivity by Compound 2 in vivo.

FIG. 6 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 18 in vivo.

FIG. 7 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 19 in vivo.

FIG. 8 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 100 in vivo.

FIG. 9 depicts concentration-dependent inhibition of isomerase activityby Compound 101 in vivo.

FIG. 10 depicts a time course for % inhibition of isomerase activity forCompound 2 in vivo.

FIG. 11 depicts a time course for % inhibition of isomerase activity forCompound 18 in vivo.

FIG. 12 depicts a time course for % inhibition of isomerase activity forCompound 19 in vivo.

FIG. 13 depicts a single oral dosing of Compound 36, at 1 mg/kg.

FIG. 14 depicts a single oral dosing of Compound 36, at 5 mg/kg.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Alkynyl phenyl derivative compounds that inhibit an isomerization stepof the retinoid cycle are described herein. These compounds andcompositions comprising these compounds may be useful for inhibitingdegeneration of retinal cells or for enhancing retinal cell survival.The compounds described herein may, therefore, be useful for treatingophthalmic diseases and disorders, such as age-related maculardegeneration and Stargardt's disease.

I. Alkynyl Phenyl Derivative Compounds

In certain embodiments, alkynyl phenyl derivative compounds comprising ameta-substituted linkage terminating in a nitrogen-containing moiety areprovided. The nitrogen-containing moiety can be, for example, an amine(e.g., primary, secondary and tertiary amine), an amide or anN-heterocyclyl. The linkage atoms form a combination of linearlyconstructed stable chemical bonds, including carbon-carbon bonds,carbon-oxygen bonds, and the like.

In one embodiment is a compound having a structure of Formula (A):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   Z is a bond, —C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—,    or —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R²⁵)(R²⁶)—C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—C(R¹)(R²)—,    —C(R³²)(R³³)—X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—;-   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —N(R³¹)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═CH₂)—,    —C(═N—NR³⁵)—, or —C(═N—OR³⁵)—;-   Y is a bond, —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—, or —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—C(R²⁹)(R³⁰)—;-   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² together form    an oxo;-   R²¹, R²², R³² and R³³ are each independently selected from hydrogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, or fluoroalkyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form    an oxo; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹ together form a direct    bond to provide a double bond; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹    together form a direct bond, and R²⁴ and an adjacent R² together    form a direct bond to provide a triple bond;-   R²⁵ and R²⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R²⁵ and R²⁶ together    form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,    heteroalkyl, alkenyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl or    C-attached heterocyclyl; or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom    to which they are attached, form a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl; or    R³ and R⁴ together form an imino;-   R⁵ is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl,    heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,    heteroaryl, —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R⁹)₂; or    R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and each is independently alkyl,    alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, heteroalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl,    —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R⁹)₂; or R¹² and R¹³    together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶;-   each R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹ and R³¹ are the same or different and    independently hydrogen, alkyl or —OR⁶; and-   R³⁰ and R³⁵ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is aryl.In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is anunsaturated carbocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (A) wherein R⁵ is a bicyclic carbocyclyl. In another embodimentis the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is norbornyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ isphenyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula (B):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² together form    an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸, together    with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, alkenyl,    aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or    carbocyclyl; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁵ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,    alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, aryl or aralkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein R¹ and R²,are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, whereinR⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independentlyhydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein R¹ and R²are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (B) wherein m is 0; nis 0, 1 or 2; and each R¹⁵ is independently alkyl, —OR⁶ or aryl.

In another embodiment the compound is selected from:3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(biphenyl-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol; and3-amino-1-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ is1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl. In another embodiment is the compound whereineach of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ is hydrogen. In another embodimentis the compound of Formula (A) wherein m is 0.

In another embodiment is the compound3-(3-(naphthalen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ isC(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷)(R¹⁸), Y is a bond and the compound has a structure ofFormula (C):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R¹ and R² are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or    R¹ and R² form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸, together    with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, alkenyl,    aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl,    fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, —OR⁶, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(C) wherein R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ areeach independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) wherein mis 0, and R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogenor —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are eachhydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) whereineach of R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclylor aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from:4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-2-ol;2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;6-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol;4-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;6-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol; and3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (C) wherein R¹⁶ is—OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, and each of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from:1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;5-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol;3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol;3-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;3-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;3-amino-2-methyl-1-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)— and R⁵ is carbocyclyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein R⁵ iscycloalkyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula (D):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;-   R¹ and R² are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or    R¹ and R² together form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,    heteroaryl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen    atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, alkenyl,    aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or    carbocyclyl; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo;

R¹² and R¹³ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;

-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,    halo or fluoroalkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(D) wherein R¹ and R², are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ areeach independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein pis 3 and R⁵ is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein p is 4, and R⁵ is asubstituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In another embodiment is thecompound of Formula (D) wherein p is 5, and R⁵ is a substituted orunsubstituted cycloheptyl. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (D) wherein R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compoundof Formula (D) wherein m is 0. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (D) wherein q is 0. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (D) wherein q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and each R¹⁹ is independentlyalkyl or —R⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from the following:3-(3-cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan 1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol; and1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein R¹² ishydrogen, and R¹³ is —C(═O)R⁹, wherein R⁹ is alkyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (D) wherein R¹ and R² are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (D), wherein m is 0. In anotherembodiment is the compound of claim 36, wherein q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,and each R¹⁹ is independently alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (D),wherein p is 4, and R⁵ is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.

In another embodiment is the compoundN-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, wherein R⁵ is heterocyclyl and Y is a bond. Inanother embodiment is the compound wherein the heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.In another embodiment is the compound wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ ishydrogen.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, wherein Y is a bond, R⁵ is heterocyclyl and theheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen and whereinR¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, wherein Y is a bond, R⁵ is heterocyclyl and theheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen and whereineach of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ is hydrogen. In another embodimentis the compound wherein m is 0.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from the following:4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol; and4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, and R⁵ is heteroaryl and Y is a bond. Inanother embodiment is the compound wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ ishydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound wherein R¹ and R², areeach independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —R⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; andR³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound wherein each of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound wherein m is 0.

In another embodiment is the compound wherein the compound is selectedfrom: 3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine; and3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (A) wherein Z is—O—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula(E):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or    fluoroalkyl;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R⁵ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ is anunsaturated carbocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound ofFormula (E) wherein R⁵ is a bicyclic carbocyclyl. In another embodimentis the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ is norbornyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ is—C(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷)(R¹⁸), Y is a bond and the compound has a structure ofFormula (F):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or    fluoroalkyl;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, —OR⁶, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (F) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(F) wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³ and R⁴ is independently hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (F)wherein m is 0. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (F)wherein each of R⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or—OR⁶, wherein each R⁶ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl. Inanother embodiment is the compound of Formula (F) wherein each of R⁶,R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

In another embodiment is the compound selected from:4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;5-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol;4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol;2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;2-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;6-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol;2-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;2-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine; and2-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E), wherein R⁵ iscarbocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E)wherein R⁵ is a cycloalkyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structureof Formula (G):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   p is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;-   R²¹ and R²² are each the same, or different and independently    hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or fluoroalkyl;-   R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and-   each R¹⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,    halo or fluoroalkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (G) wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula(G) wherein m is 0. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (G)wherein R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; andR³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (G) wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³and R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl. In another embodiment is the compoundof Formula (G) wherein, q is 0 or 1, and each R¹⁹ is independently alkylor —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound is selected from:1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol;2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine; and1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cycloheptanol.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein R⁵ isheterocyclyl. In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E)wherein m is 0 and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen. In anotherembodiment is the compound of Formula (E) wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³and R⁴ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In another embodiment is the compound2-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.

In another embodiment is the compound of Formula (E), wherein R⁵ isaryl.

In another embodiment is the compound2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.

In another embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the compound of any one ofFormulas (A)-(G).

In yet another embodiment is a compound that inhibits 11-cis-retinolproduction with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less when assayed in vitro,utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 and LRAT, wherein theextract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compound is stable insolution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. In a specificembodiment, the compound inhibits 11-cis-retinol production with an IC50of about 100 nM or less when assayed in vitro, utilizing extract ofcells that express RPE65 and LRAT, wherein the extract further comprisesCRALBP, wherein the compound is stable in solution for at least about 1week at room temperature. In a further embodiment, the compound inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 10 nM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, 4months, 6 months, 8 months, 10 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 yeas orlonger, at room temperature.

In an additional embodiment is a non-retinoid compound that inhibits anisomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cis retinol, whereinsaid isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein said compound has anED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to a subject. In afurther embodiment is a non-retinoid compound of wherein the ED50 valueis measured after administering a single dose of the compound to saidsubject for about 2 hours or longer. In an additional embodiment thecompound is an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound. In a furtherembodiment the compound is a non-retinoid compound.

In a further embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. Inan additional embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-retinoid compound thatinhibits an isomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cisretinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein saidcompound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to asubject.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofmodulating chromophore flux in a retinoid cycle comprising introducinginto a subject a compound disclosed herein, including a compound of anyone of Formulae (A)-(G) respective substructures thereof. In a furtherembodiment the method results in a reduction of lipofuscin pigmentaccumulated in an eye of the subject. In yet another embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In yet another embodiment is a method for treating an ophthalmic diseaseor disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectcompounds or the pharmaceutical composition described herein. In afurther embodiment, the ophthalmic disease or disorder is age-relatedmacular degeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. In yet anotherembodiment the method results in a reduction of lipofuscin pigmentaccumulated in an eye of the subject. In yet another embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In additional embodiments, the ophthalmic disease or disorder isselected from retinal detachment, hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitispigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, opticneuropathy, inflammatory retinal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticmaculopathy, retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity,or ischemia reperfusion related retinal injury, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorderassociated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated withmultiple sclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson'sdisease, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinaldisorder related to light overexposure, myopia, and a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting dark adaptation of arod photoreceptor cell of the retina comprising contacting the retinawith a compound disclosed herein, including a compound of any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) their respective substructures thereof.

In an additional embodiment is a method of inhibiting regeneration ofrhodopsin in a rod photoreceptor cell of the retina comprisingcontacting the retina with a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) andtheir respective substructures thereof, a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject.

In a further embodiment is a method of reducing ischemia in an eye of asubject comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition of a compound of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and theirrespective substructures thereof, a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered under conditions and at a time sufficient toinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducingischemia in the eye.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting neovascularization inthe retina of an eye of a subject comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition of a compound of any one ofFormulae (A)-(G), and their respective substructures thereof. In aspecific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredunder conditions and at a time sufficient to inhibit dark adaptation ofa rod photoreceptor cell, thereby inhibiting neovascularization in theretina.

In a further embodiment is a method of inhibiting degeneration of aretinal cell in a retina comprising contacting the retina with thecompound of the compound of Formula (A), a compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature, ora non-retinoid compound that inhibits an isomerase reaction resulting inproduction of 11-cis retinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs inRPE, and wherein said compound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less whenadministered to a subject. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered under conditions and at a time sufficient toinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducingischemia in the eye. In a specific embodiment is the method wherein theretinal cell is a retinal neuronal cell. In a certain embodiment, theretinal neuronal cell is a photoreceptor cell

In another embodiment, a method is provided for treating an ophthalmicdisease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and a compound having a structure of any of Formula(A)-(G) as described above and herein. In one embodiment, the ophthalmicdisease or disorder is a retinal disease or disorder. In specificembodiments, the retinal disease or disorder is age-related maculardegeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. In another embodiment,the ophthalmic disease or disorder is selected from retinal detachment,hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, optic neuropathy,inflammatory retinal disease, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinaldystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy,uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorder associated withAlzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated with multiplesclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson's disease, aretinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinal disorderrelated to light overexposure, and a retinal disorder associated withAIDS. In yet another embodiment, the ophthalmic disease or disorder isselected from diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, retinal bloodvessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, or ischemia reperfusionrelated retinal injury.

Further provided is a method of reducing lipofuscin pigment accumulatedin a subject's retina comprising administering to the subject apharmaceutical composition described here. In one embodiment thelipofuscin pigment is N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).

In another embodiment, a method of inhibiting at least one visual cycletrans-cis isomerase in a cell is provided, wherein the method comprisescontacting the cell with a compound having a structure of any ofFormulae (A)-(G) as described herein, thereby inhibiting the at leastone visual cycle trans-cis isomerase. In one certain embodiment, thecell is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.

Also provided herein in another embodiment is a method of inhibiting atleast one visual cycle trans-cis isomerase in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having a structure ofany of Formulae (A)-(G) as described herein. In certain embodiments, thesubject is a human or is a non-human animal.

In particular embodiments of the methods described above and herein,accumulation of lipofuscin pigment is inhibited in an eye of thesubject, and in certain particular embodiments, the lipofuscin pigmentis N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E). In other certainembodiments, degeneration of a retinal cell is inhibited. In a specificembodiment, the retinal cell is a retinal neuronal cell, wherein theretinal neuronal cell is a photoreceptor cell, an amacrine cell, ahorizontal cell, a ganglion cell, or a bipolar cell. In another specificembodiment, the retinal cell is a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.

Additionally, the compounds can be represented by Formula (I):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl; or-   R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₅ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₇ and R₈ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R₉; or-   R₇ and R₈, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   X is —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— or —O—;-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl;    or-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ form an oxo;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆.

In certain embodiments, X is —C(R₁₀)(R₁₁)— and the compounds of Formula(I) has a propylene linkage. Thus, the compound can be represented by astructure of Formula (II):

One embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula (II)wherein R₅ is aryl, as defined herein.

A further embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula(II) wherein R₅ is phenyl. The compound can be represented by astructure of Formula (IIa):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl; or-   R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₇ and R₈ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R₉; or R₇ and R₈, together with the    nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl;    or R₁₀ and R₁₁ form an oxo;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆; and-   each R₁₅ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR₆,    alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, aryl or aralkyl.

In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independentlyhydrogen, halogen, alkyl or —OR₆ wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Incertain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ isindependently hydrogen or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Incertain embodiments, m is 0, n is 0, 1 or 2, and each R₁₅ isindependently alkyl, —OR₆ or aryl.

In certain specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (I) or(IIa) have the structures shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 17

3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-amine 36

3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-amine 37

3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 46

3-(3-(biphenyl-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 54

3-amino-1-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-ol 83

3-(3-(o-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 84

3-(3-(p-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 87

3-(3-(m-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 89

2-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenol 90

3-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile 92

3-(3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 93

3-(3-((3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 94

3-(3-((4-(methylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 125

3-amino-1-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 139

3-amino-1-(3-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethynyl)-phenyl)propan-1-ol

Another embodiment provides a compound of Formula (II) wherein R₅ isnaphthyl. In further embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ ishydrogen.

In a specific embodiment, the compound of Formulae (I) or (II) has thestructure shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 45

3-(3-(naphthalen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 82

3-(3-(naphthalen-1-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

A further embodiment provides a compound of Formula (II) wherein R₅ isalkyl. Thus, the compound can be represented by a structure of Formula(IIb):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, OR₆, NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl; or-   R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₇ and R₈ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R₉; or-   R₇ and R₈, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl;    or-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ form an oxo;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆; and-   each R₁₆, R₁₇ and R₁₈ are the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, —OR₆, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independentlyhydrogen, halogen, alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Incertain embodiments, m is 0, and each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ isindependently hydrogen or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Infurther embodiments, each of R₁₆, R₁₇ and R₁₈ is independently hydrogen,alkyl, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In certain specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (II) or(IIb) have the structures shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 34

4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol 35

5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-2-ol 39

3-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 40

3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 42

3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 43

3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 44

3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 48

3-amino-1-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 49

3-amino-1-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 50

6-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol 51

4-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol 53

3-amino-1-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 67

3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 68

6-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol 69

3-amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 70

3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 71

3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 72

3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 102

3-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 108

3-amino-1-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 115

5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol 119

3-amino-1-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 121

3-amino-1-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 126

5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamide 130

5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol 133

3-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 138

5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide 150

5-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxy-propyl)phenyl)-pent-4-ynamide 152

3-amino-1-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 153

(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 161

(R)-3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 171

3-amino-1-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)-phenyl)propan-1-ol 172

5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)-phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide 173

5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)-phenyl)pent-4-ynamide 175

3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 179

3-amino-1-(3-(4-p-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 180

3-amino-1-(3-(4-o-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 181

3-amino-1-(3-(4-m-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 183

2-(4-(3-(3-animo-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-ynyl)phenol 184

3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 187

(R)-3-amino-1-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

In other embodiments, R₁₆ is —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl, andeach of R₁₇ and R₁₈ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

In further specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (II) or(IIb) have the structures shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 1

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 2

4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-heptan-4-ol 3

5-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-nonan-5-ol 4

3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 5

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol 6

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol 7

4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol 8

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol 9

3-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 10

3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol 12

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 15

(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol 14

(S)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol 16

(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol 21

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 19

4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 100

(R)-4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 101

(S)-4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 20

4-((3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 22

4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol 23

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol 25

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 26

(S)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol 32

1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol 33

4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol 107

3-amino-1-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 109

4-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 111

1-(3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 118

3-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol 132

1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol 147

1-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol 154

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxy-propyl)-5-chlorophenyl)-ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 155

4-((5-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-2-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 156

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-chlorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 157

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)-heptan-4-ol 159

4-((3-((1R,2R)-3-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)heptan-4-ol162

4-((5-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 163

4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-methylphenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 170

1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol 174

1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 185

(R)-3-amino-1-(3-(3-phenoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 186

(R)-3-amino-1-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

In certain embodiments, R₁₂ is hydrogen and R₁₃ is —C(═O)R₉, wherein R₉is alkyl. One specific embodiment provides the compound:N-(3-3(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide. A furtherembodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula (II)wherein R₅ is carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is a cycloalkyl and the compound can berepresented by a structure of Formula (IIc):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   p is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl; or-   R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₇ and R₈ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R₉; or-   R₇ and R₈, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR₆, —NR₇R₈ or carbocyclyl;    or-   R₁₀ and R₁₁ form an oxo;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆; and-   each R₁₉ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR₆,    halo or fluoroalkyl.

In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independentlyhydrogen, halogen, alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Incertain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ isindependently hydrogen or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Incertain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, q is 0. In furtherembodiments, q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and each R₁₉ is independently alkylor —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. In further embodiments, p is 1and R₅ is cyclopropyl. In other embodiments, p is 2, and R₅ iscyclobutyl. In other embodiments, p is 3, and R₅ is cyclopentyl. Inother embodiments, p is 4, and R₅ is cyclohexyl. In other embodiments, pis 5, and R₅ is cycloheptyl.

In certain specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (II) or(IIc) have the structures shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 38

3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-amine 41

3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-amine 47

3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-ol 52

3-amino-1-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-ol 11

1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-cyclohexanol 13

1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol 24

1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-cyclopentanol 58

1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol 59

1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol 99

1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol 105

3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 110

1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol 112

1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol 127

3-(3-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-amine 131

3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol 136

1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol 140

1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)cyclobutanol 143

2-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol 145

2-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxy-propyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclo-hexanol 148

1-(2-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)ethynyl)cyclobutanol 149

1-(2-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol 151

3-Amino-1-(3-(2-cyclooctylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-ol 160

1-((3-((1R,2R)-3-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)cyclopentanol176

3-amino-1-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)-propan-1-ol 182

1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)cyclopentanol

In certain embodiments, R₁₂ is hydrogen and R₁₃ is —C(═O)R₉ wherein R₉is alkyl. In certain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ isindependently hydrogen or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Incertain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, q is 0. In furtherembodiments, q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and each R₁₉ is independently alkylor —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. In further embodiments, p is 1and R₅ is cyclopropyl. In other embodiments, p is 2, and R₅ iscyclobutyl. In other embodiments, p is 3, and R₅ is cyclopentyl. Inother embodiments, p is 4, and R₅ is cyclohexyl. In other embodiments, pis 5, and R₅ is cycloheptyl.

In a specific embodiment, the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (IIc) hasthe structures shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 60

N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide 103

N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide 104

2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide177

4-((3-(3-(methylamino)propyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

A further embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula(II) wherein R₅ is heterocyclyl, as defined herein. In certainembodiments, the heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with —OR₆,wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ andR₁₃ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments,each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ is independently hydrogen, halogen,alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. In certain embodiments,each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ is hydrogen.

In certain specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) or (II)have the structures shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 55

4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol 56

4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol

A further embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula(II) wherein R₅ is heteroaryl, as defined herein. In certainembodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, mis 0. In certain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ isindependently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogenor alkyl. In certain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀ and R₁₁ ishydrogen.

In certain specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) or (II)have the structures shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 61

3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 64

3-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 63

3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 65

3-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine 66

3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

A further embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is—O—, and the compound has an ethylene oxide linkage. Thus, the compoundcan be represented by a structure of Formula (III):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or fluoroalkyl; or R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₅ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆.

In one embodiment, R₅ is alkyl and the compound has a structure ofFormula (IIIa):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or fluoroalkyl; or R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆; and-   R₁₆, R₁₇ and R₁₈ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, —OR₆, carbocyclyl or aryl.

In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄is independently hydrogen or alkyl. In further embodiments, each of R₁₆,R₁₇ and R₁₈ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ ishydrogen or alkyl. In further embodiments, R₁₆ is —OR₆, wherein R₆ ishydrogen or alkyl, and each of R₁₇ and R₁₈ is independently alkyl. Inother embodiments, each of R₁₆, R₁₇ and R₁₈ is independently hydrogen oraryl. In other embodiments, each of R₁₆, R₁₇ and R₁₈ is independentlyhydrogen or alkyl.

In further specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (III) or(IIIa) have the structures shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 18

4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-heptan-4-ol 27

1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol 28

1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol 29

5-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-nonan-5-ol 30

4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol 73

2-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 74

6-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol 75

2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 76

4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol 77

2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 85

2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 86

2-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 114

5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol 116

2-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 117

2-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 120

1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol 122

1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol 124

1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol 128

2-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 134

5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)-phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide 135

5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamide 137

5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamide 158

2-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

A further embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula(III) wherein R₅ is carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is a cycloalkyl and the compound can berepresented by a structure of Formula (IIIb):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof,    wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   p is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9;-   R₁ and R₂ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or fluoroalkyl; or R₁ and R₂ form an oxo;-   R₃ and R₄ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen    or alkyl;-   R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl;-   R₉ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R₁₂ and R₁₃ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl or —C(═O)R₉; or R₁₂ and R₁₃ together with the nitrogen atom to    which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R₁₄ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR₆; and-   each R₁₉ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR₆,    halo or fluoroalkyl.

In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₀and R₁₁ is independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ ishydrogen or alkyl. In certain embodiments, each of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ isindependently hydrogen or alkyl. In further embodiments, q is 1, 2, 3, 4or 5, and each R₁₉ is independently alkyl or —OR₆, wherein R₆ ishydrogen or alkyl. In further embodiments, q is 0. In furtherembodiments, q is 1 and R₁₉ is —OR₆, wherein R₆ is hydrogen or alkyl. Infurther embodiments, p is 1 and R₅ is cyclopropyl. In other embodiments,p is 2, and R₅ is cyclobutyl. In other embodiments, p is 3, and R₅ iscyclopentyl. In other embodiments, p is 4, and R₅ is cyclohexyl. Inother embodiments, p is 5, and R₅ is cycloheptyl.

In certain specific embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (III) or(IIIb) have the structures shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Example No. Structure Name 31

1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cyclopentanol 57

1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cyclohexanol 78

1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cycloheptanol 79

2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine 80

2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 106

2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 113

2-(3-(cyclopropylethynyl)-phenoxy)ethanamine 123

(S)-1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol 129

1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol 144

2-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)-phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol 146

1-(2-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)-phenyl)ethynyl)cyclobutanol 168

2-(3-(cyclooctylethynyl)-phenoxy)ethanamine

A further embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula(III) wherein R₅ is heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ andR₁₃ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments,each of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

In further specific embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (III)has the structure shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Example No. Chemical Formula Chemical Name 62

2-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 95

2-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 96

2-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 97

2-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine 98

2-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

A further embodiment provides a compound having a structure of Formula(III) wherein R₅ is aryl. In certain embodiments, each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ ishydrogen. In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, eachof R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

In further specific embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or (III)has the structure shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Example No. Chemical Formula Chemical Name 81

2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine 88

3-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile 91

2-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

In further specific embodiments, the compound of Formula (A)-(G) and(I)-(III) has the structure shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Example No. Structure Chemical Name 141

4-((3-(2-Aminoethyl)-phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 142

3-Amino-1-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-one oxime 164

(E)-4-((3-(3-aminoprop-1-enyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 165

4-((3-(3-aminoprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 166

4-((3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 167

4-((3-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 169

(S)-4-((3-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 178

2-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine 188

4-((3-(2-aminoethylamino)-phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 189

4-((3-(2-aminoethylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 190

4-((3-(2-aminoethylsulfinyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 191

4-((3-(2-aminoethylsulfonyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol 192

4-((3-(4-aminobutyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

II. Definitions

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a compound”includes a plurality of such compounds, and reference to “the cell”includes reference to one or more cells (or to a plurality of cells) andequivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecularweight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, allcombinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodimentstherein are intended to be included. The term “about” when referring toa number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical rangereferred to is an approximation within experimental variability (orwithin statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numericalrange may vary between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numericalrange. The term “comprising” (and related terms such as “comprise” or“comprises” or “having” or “including”) is not intended to exclude thatin other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of anycomposition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like,described herein, may “consist of” or “consist essentially of” thedescribed features.

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ radical.“Cyano” refers to the —CN radical.“Nitro” refers to the —NO₂ radical.“Oxa” refers to the —O— radical.“Oxo” refers to the ═O radical.“Imino” refers to the ═NH radical.“Thioxo” refers to the ═S radical.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radicalconsisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing nounsaturation, having from one to fifteen carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₁₅alkyl). In certain embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to thirteencarbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₁₃ alkyl). In certain embodiments, an alkylcomprises one to eight carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl). In otherembodiments, an alkyl comprises five to fifteen carbon atoms (e.g.,C₅-C₁₅ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises five to eightcarbon atoms (e.g., C₅-C₈ alkyl). The alkyl is attached to the rest ofthe molecule by a single bond, for example, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et),n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl,1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like.Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylgroup is optionally substituted by one or more of the followingsubstituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl,—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is1 or 2) and —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R^(a) isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl,carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl,heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radicalgroup consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing atleast one double bond, and having from two to twelve carbon atoms. Incertain embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. Inother embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to four carbon atoms. Thealkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, forexample, ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), prop-1-enyl (i.e., allyl), but-1-enyl,pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwisespecifically in the specification, an alkenyl group is optionallysubstituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano,nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a),—N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where tis 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2) and —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂(where t is 1 or 2) where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radicalgroup consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing atleast one triple bond, having from two to twelve carbon atoms. Incertain embodiments, an alkynyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. Inother embodiments, an alkynyl has two to four carbon atoms. The alkynylis attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example,ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unlessstated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group isoptionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents:halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a),—OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)NR^(a) (wheret is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2) and —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂(where t is 1 or 2) where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalenthydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group,consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing no unsaturation andhaving from one to twelve carbon atoms, for example, methylene,ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, and the like. The alkylene chain isattached to the rest of the molecule through a single bond and to theradical group through a single bond. The points of attachment of thealkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group canbe through one carbon in the alkylene chain or through any two carbonswithin the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in thespecification, an alkylene chain is optionally substituted by one ormore of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, aryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl,—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is1 or 2) and —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R^(a) isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl,carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl,heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Alkenylene” or “alkenylene chain” refers to a straight or brancheddivalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radicalgroup, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least onedouble bond and having from two to twelve carbon atoms, for example,ethenylene, propenylene, n-butenylene, and the like. The alkenylenechain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a double bond or asingle bond and to the radical group through a double bond or a singlebond. The points of attachment of the alkenylene chain to the rest ofthe molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or anytwo carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically inthe specification, an alkenylene chain is optionally substituted by oneor more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, aryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl,—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a),—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR_(a) (where t is1 or 2) and —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R^(a) isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, andwhere each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwiseindicated.

“Aryl” refers to a radical derived from an aromatic monocyclic ormulticyclic hydrocarbon ring system by removing a hydrogen atom from aring carbon atom. The aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbonring system contains only hydrogen and carbon from six to eighteencarbon atoms, where at least one of the rings in the ring system isfully unsaturated, i.e., it contains a cyclic, delocalized (4n+2)π-electron system in accordance with the Hückel theory. Aryl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, groups such as phenyl, fluorenyl, andnaphthyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, theterm “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant toinclude aryl radicals optionally substituted by one or more substituentsindependently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl,cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedaralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substitutedaralkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substitutedcarbocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, —R^(b)—OR^(a),—R^(b)—OC(O)—R^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—C(O)R^(a),—R^(b)—C(O)OR^(a), —R^(b)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—O—R^(c)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a),—R^(b)—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)OR^(a)(where t is 1 or 2) and —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2),where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one ormore halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylor heteroarylalkyl, each R^(b) is independently a direct bond or astraight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R^(c) is astraight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and where each of theabove substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Aralkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R^(c)-aryl where R^(c) isan alkylene chain as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyland the like. The alkylene chain part of the aralkyl radical isoptionally substituted as described above for an alkylene chain. Thearyl part of the aralkyl radical is optionally substituted as describedabove for an aryl group.

“Aralkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R^(d)-aryl where R^(d)is an alkenylene chain as defined above. The aryl part of the aralkenylradical is optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group.The alkenylene chain part of the aralkenyl radical is optionallysubstituted as defined above for an alkenylene group.

“Aralkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R^(e)-aryl, where R^(e)is an alkynylene chain as defined above. The aryl part of the aralkynylradical is optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group.The alkynylene chain part of the aralkynyl radical is optionallysubstituted as defined above for an alkynylene chain.

“Carbocyclyl” refers to a stable non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclichydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms,which includes fused or bridged ring systems, having from three tofifteen carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, a carbocyclyl comprisesthree to ten carbon atoms. In other embodiments, a carbocyclyl comprisesfive to seven carbon atoms. The carbocyclyl is attached to the rest ofthe molecule by a single bond. Carbocyclyl is optionally saturated,(i.e., containing single C—C bonds only) or unsaturated (i.e.,containing one or more double bonds or triple bonds.) A fully saturatedcarbocyclyl radical is also referred to as “cycloalkyl.” Examples ofmonocyclic cycloalkyls include, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. An unsaturatedcarbocyclyl is also referred to as “cycloalkenyl.” Examples ofmonocyclic cycloalkenyls include, e.g., cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloheptenyl, and cyclooctenyl. Polycyclic carbocyclyl radicalsinclude, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl (i.e.,bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl,7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like. Unless otherwisestated specifically in the specification, the term “carbocyclyl” ismeant to include carbocyclyl radicals that are optionally substituted byone or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substitutedaralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, optionally substituted carbocyclylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl,optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substitutedheteroarylalkyl, —R^(b)—OR^(a), —R^(b)—SR^(a), —R^(b)—OC(O)—R^(a),—R^(b)—N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—C(O)R^(a), —R^(b)—C(O)OR^(a),—R^(b)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—O—R^(c)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a),—R^(b)—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)OR^(a)(where t is 1 or 2) and —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2),where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R^(b) isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene oralkenylene chain, and R^(c) is a straight or branched alkylene oralkenylene chain, and where each of the above substituents isunsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Carbocyclylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R^(c)-carbocyclylwhere R^(c) is an alkylene chain as defined above. The alkylene chainand the carbocyclyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodosubstituents.

“Fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that issubstituted by one or more fluoro radicals, as defined above, forexample, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like. The alkyl part of thefluoroalkyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above for analkyl group.

“Heterocyclyl” refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ringradical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to sixheteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Unless statedotherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical isa monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, andincludes fused or bridged ring systems. The heteroatoms in theheterocyclyl radical is optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms,if present, are optionally quaternized. The heterocyclyl radical ispartially or fully saturated. The heterocyclyl is attached to the restof the molecule through any atom of the ring(s). Examples of suchheterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl,thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl,octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl,2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl,thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl,thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in thespecification, the term “heterocyclyl” is meant to include heterocyclylradicals as defined above that are optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl,oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionallysubstituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, —R^(b)—OR^(a),—R^(b)—SR^(a), —R^(b)—OC(O)—R^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—C(O)R^(a),—R^(b)—C(O)OR^(a), —R^(b)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—O—R^(c)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a),—R^(b)—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)OR^(a)(where t is 1 or 2) and —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2),where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R^(b) isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene oralkenylene chain, and R^(c) is a straight or branched alkylene oralkenylene chain, and where each of the above substituents isunsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“N-heterocyclyl” or “N-attached heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclylradical as defined above containing at least one nitrogen and where thepoint of attachment of the heterocyclyl radical to the rest of themolecule is through a nitrogen atom in the heterocyclyl radical. AnN-heterocyclyl radical is optionally substituted as described above forheterocyclyl radicals. Examples of such N-heterocyclyl radicals include,but are not limited to, 1-morpholinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 1-piperazinyl,1-pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, and imidazolidinyl.

“C-heterocyclyl” or “C-attached heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclylradical as defined above containing at least one heteroatom and wherethe point of attachment of the heterocyclyl radical to the rest of themolecule is through a carbon atom in the heterocyclyl radical. AC-heterocyciyl radical is optionally substituted as described above forheterocyclyl radicals. Examples of such C-heterocyclyl radicals include,but are not limited to, 2-morpholinyl, 2- or 3- or 4-piperidinyl,2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, and the like.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula—R^(c)-heterocyclyl where R^(c) is an alkylene chain as defined above.If the heterocyclyl is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, theheterocyclyl is optionally attached to the alkyl radical at the nitrogenatom. The alkylene chain of the heterocyclylalkyl radical is optionallysubstituted as defined above for an alkylene chain. The heterocyclylpart of the heterocyclylalkyl radical is optionally substituted asdefined above for a heterocyclyl group.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a radical derived from a 3- to 18-memberedaromatic ring radical that comprises two to seventeen carbon atoms andfrom one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.As used herein, the heteroaryl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic,tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, wherein at least one of the ringsin the ring system is fully unsaturated, i.e., it contains a cyclic,delocalized (4n+2) π-electron system in accordance with the Hückeltheory. Heteroaryl includes fused or bridged ring systems. Theheteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized. One ormore nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. Theheteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom ofthe ring(s). Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to,azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl,benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl,benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl,benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl,benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl(benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl,benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl,cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl,6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl,6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl,dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl,5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidinyl,5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl,5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl,indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl,isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl,5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl,1,6-naphthyridinonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl,purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl,pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl,5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl,triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pridinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e.thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, theterm “heteroaryl” is meant to include heteroaryl radicals as definedabove which are optionally substituted by one or more substituentsselected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, haloalkenyl,haloalkynyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,optionally substituted carbocyclylalkyl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,—R^(b)—OR^(a), —R^(b)—SR^(a), —R^(b)—OC(O)—R^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))₂,—R^(b)—C(O)R^(a), —R^(b)—C(O)OR^(a), —R^(b)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—R^(b)—O—R^(c)—C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),—R^(b)—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —R^(b)—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or2), —R^(b)—S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2) and—R^(b)—S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R^(a) isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl orheteroarylalkyl, each R^(b) is independently a direct bond or a straightor branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R^(c) is a straight orbranched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and where each of the abovesubstituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“N-heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl radical as defined abovecontaining at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment ofthe heteroaryl radical to the rest of the molecule is through a nitrogenatom in the heteroaryl radical. An N-heteroaryl radical is optionallysubstituted as described above for heteroaryl radicals.

“C-heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl radical as defined above and wherethe point of attachment of the heteroaryl radical to the rest of themolecule is through a carbon atom in the heteroaryl radical. AC-heteroaryl radical is optionally substituted as described above forheteroaryl radicals.

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R^(c)-heteroaryl,where R^(c) is an alkylene chain as defined above. If the heteroaryl isa nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, the heteroaryl is optionally attachedto the alkyl radical at the nitrogen atom. The alkylene chain of theheteroarylalkyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above foran alkylene chain. The heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkyl radical isoptionally substituted as defined above for a heteroaryl group.

The compounds, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may containone or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers,diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, interms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)-for amino acids. When the compounds described herein contain olefinicdouble bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unlessspecified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both Eand Z geometric isomers (e.g., cis or trans.) Likewise, all possibleisomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms, and alltautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

A “stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bondedby the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures,which are not interchangeable. It is therefore contemplated that variousstereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers,” whichrefers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeablemirror images of one another.

A “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule toanother atom of the same molecule. The compounds presented herein mayexist as tautomers. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible bymigration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bondand adjacent double bond. In solutions where tautomerization ispossible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. The exactratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, includingtemperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric pairs include:

“Optional” or “optionally” means that a subsequently described event orcircumstance may or may not occur and that the description includesinstances when the event or circumstance occurs and instances in whichit does not. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that thearyl radical may or may not be substituted and that the descriptionincludes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having nosubstitution.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base additionsalts. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of the alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described herein is intended toencompass any and all pharmaceutically suitable salt forms. Preferredpharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein arepharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceuticallyacceptable base addition salts.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those saltswhich retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the freebases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and whichare formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydroiodic acid,hydrofluoric acid, phosphorous acid, and the like. Also included aresalts that are formed with organic acids such as aliphatic mono- anddicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substitute alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoicacids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromaticsulfonic acids, etc. and include, for example, acetic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid,oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid,tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,salicylic acid, and the like. Exemplary salts thus include sulfates,pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, nitrates, phosphates,monohydrogenphosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates,pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates,trifluoroacetates, propionates, caprylates, isobutyrates, oxalates,malonates, succinate suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates,mandelates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates,dinitrobenzoates, phthalates, benzenesulfonates, toluenesulfonates,phenylacetates, citrates, lactates, malates, tartrates,methanesulfonates, and the like. Also contemplated are salts of aminoacids, such as arginates, gluconates, and galacturonates (see, forexample, Berge S. M. et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” Journal ofPharmaceutical Science, 66:1-19 (1997), which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety). Acid addition salts of basic compounds maybe prepared by contacting the free base forms with a sufficient amountof the desired acid to produce the salt according to methods andtechniques with which a skilled artisan is familiar.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those saltsthat retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the freeacids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These saltsare prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base tothe free acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts may beformed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metalsor organic amines. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but arenot limited to, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium,magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like.Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, saltsof primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines includingnaturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ionexchange resins, for example, isopropylamine, trimethylamine,diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine,diethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol,dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine,N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, hydrabamine, choline,betaine, ethylenediamine, ethylenedianiline, N-methylglucamine,glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine,piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. See Bergeet al., supra.

“Non-retinoid compound” refers to any compound that is not a retinoid. Aretinoid is a compound that has a diterpene skeleton possessing atrimethylcyclohexenyl ring and a polyene chain that terminates in apolar end group. Examples of retinoids include retinaldehyde and derivedimine/hydrazide/oxime, retinol and any derived ester, retinyl amine andany derived amide, retinoic acid and any derived ester or amide. Anon-retinoid compound can comprise though not require an internal cyclicgroup (e.g., aromatic group). A non-retinoid compound can contain thoughnot require an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine group.

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating,” or “palliating” or“ameliorating” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refers to anapproach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but notlimited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. Bytherapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of theunderlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit isachieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of thephysiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such thatan improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that thepatient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. Forprophylactic benefit, the compositions may be administered to a patientat risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reportingone or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though adiagnosis of this disease may not have been made.

“Prodrug” is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted underphysiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically activecompound described herein. Thus, the term “prodrug” refers to aprecursor of a biologically active compound that is pharmaceuticallyacceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject,but is converted in vivo to an active compound, for example, byhydrolysis. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility,tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see,e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier,Amsterdam).

A discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al., “Pro-drugsas Novel Delivery Systems,” A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and inBioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which areincorporated in full by reference herein.

The term “prodrug” is also meant to include any covalently bondedcarriers, which release the active compound in vivo when such prodrug isadministered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of an active compound, asdescribed herein, may be prepared by modifying functional groups presentin the active compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved,either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent activecompound. Prodrugs include compounds wherein a hydroxy, amino ormercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of theactive compound is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to forma free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively.Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formateand benzoate derivatives of an alcohol or acetamide, formamide andbenzamide derivatives of an amine functional group in the activecompound and the like.

III. Preparation of the Alkynyl Phenyl Derivative Compounds

In general, the compounds used in the reactions described herein may bemade according to organic synthesis techniques known to those skilled inthis art, starting from commercially available chemicals and/or fromcompounds described in the chemical literature. “Commercially availablechemicals” may be obtained from standard commercial sources includingAcros Organics (Pittsburgh Pa.), Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee Wis.,including Sigma Chemical and Fluka), Apin Chemicals Ltd. (Milton ParkUK), Avocado Research (Lancashire U.K.), BDH Inc. (Toronto, Canada),Bionet (Cornwall, U.K.), Chemservice Inc. (West Chester Pa.), CrescentChemical Co. (Hauppauge N.Y.), Eastman Organic Chemicals, Eastman KodakCompany (Rochester N.Y.), Fisher Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh Pa.), FisonsChemicals (Leicestershire UK), Frontier Scientific (Logan Utah), ICNBiomedicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa Calif.), Key Organics (Cornwall U.K.),Lancaster Synthesis (Windham N.H.), Maybridge Chemical Co. Ltd.(Cornwall U.K.), Parish Chemical Co. (Orem Utah), Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc.(Waterbury Conn.), Polyorganix (Houston Tex.), Pierce Chemical Co.(Rockford Ill.), Riedel de Haen AG (Hanover, Germany), Spectrum QualityProduct, inc. (New Brunswick, N.J.), TCI America (Portland Oreg.), TransWorld Chemicals, Inc. (Rockville Md.), and Wako Chemicals USA, Inc.(Richmond Va.).

Methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be identifiedthrough various reference books and databases. Suitable reference booksand treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in thepreparation of compounds described herein, or provide references toarticles that describe the preparation, include for example, “SyntheticOrganic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler etal., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2nd Ed., Academic Press,New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modern Synthetic Reactions”, 2nd Ed., W.A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist,“Heterocyclic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J.March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms andStructure”, 4th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. Additionalsuitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis ofreactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, orprovide references to articles that describe the preparation, includefor example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. “Organic Synthesis: Concepts,Methods, Starting Materials”, Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition(1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3-527-29074-5; Hoffman, R. V. “OrganicChemistry, An Intermediate Text” (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C. “Comprehensive Organic Transformations: AGuide to Functional Group Preparations” 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH,ISBN: 0-471-190314; March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions,Mechanisms, and Structure” 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN:0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) “Modern Carbonyl Chemistry” (2000)Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. “Patai's 1992 Guide to theChemistry of Functional Groups” (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9;Quin, L. D. et al. “A Guide to Organophosphorus Chemistry” (2000)Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-31824-8; Solomons, T. W. G. “OrganicChemistry” 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-19095-0;Stowell, J. C., “Intermediate Organic Chemistry” 2nd Edition (1993)Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; “Industrial Organic Chemicals:Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ullmann's Encyclopedia” (1999)John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X, in 8 volumes; “OrganicReactions” (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and“Chemistry of Functional Groups” John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.

Specific and analogous reactants may also be identified through theindices of known chemicals prepared by the Chemical Abstract Service ofthe American Chemical Society, which are available in most public anduniversity libraries, as well as through on-line databases (the AmericanChemical Society, Washington, D.C., may be contacted for more details).Chemicals that are known but not commercially available in catalogs maybe prepared by custom chemical synthesis houses, where many of thestandard chemical supply houses (e.g., those listed above) providecustom synthesis services. A reference for the preparation and selectionof pharmaceutical salts of the alkynyl phenyl derivative compoundsdescribed herein is P. H. Stahl & C. G. Wermuth “Handbook ofPharmaceutical Salts”, Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002.

Generally speaking, compounds disclosed herein can be prepared in astepwise manner involving an acetylene formation and a side chainformation of a phenyl ring. Typically, the acetylene formation can takeplace by attaching an acetylene precursor to a phenyl. For example, incertain embodiments, an acetylene intermediate can be first constructed,which forms the precursor to the alkynyl phenyl core structure. A sidechain moiety, which is a precursor to the linkage (i.e., propylene orethylene oxide) and the nitrogen-containing moiety of the compoundsdisclosed herein, can then be attached to the acetylene intermediate.

In other embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be prepared byfirst preparing a phenyl intermediate having an appropriate side chain,followed by an acetylene formation to provide the alkynyl corestructure.

The following Methods illustrate various synthetic pathways forpreparing acetylene intermediates and the side chain moieties. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that a method for acetylene formationcan be combined with a method for side chain formation to provide thecompounds disclosed herein. For example, any one of Methods A-D can becombined with any of Methods E-H, or any of Methods I-J. They can befurther combined with any of Methods K-S to modify the linkage and/orthe terminal nitrogen-containing moiety.

1. Acetylene Formation:

Methods A-D below describe various approaches to acetylene formation.

More specifically, Method A illustrates the construction of an acetyleneintermediate (A-3) in a Sonogashira or Castro-Stephens reaction.Depending on the sequence of the reactions, Ar can be a phenylderivative compound that is already attached to a side chain moiety, orAr may comprise a reactive group (appropriately protected), which willbe coupled to a side chain moiety after the acetylene formation step.

According to Method A, an alkyne (A-1) can be coupled to an aryl halideor a reactive equivalent (A-2) to provide the acetylene intermediate(A-3) in the presence of a copper (I) catalyst (Castro-Stephens) or amixture of Pd⁰ and Cu¹ catalysts (Sonogashira).

The alkyne (A-1) has a terminal acetylene structure that is capable ofcoupling to A-2. Alkynes comprising diverse R₅ groups can be preparedaccording to known methods in the art. For example, organic halides(e.g., R₅Br) can be converted to the corresponding alkyne (A-1) bycoupling to an ethyne. The halobenzene or its reactive equivalent (A-2)may be commercially available or can be prepared by known methods in theart.

Palladium catalysts suitable for coupling reactions are known to oneskilled in the art. Exemplary palladium(0) catalysts include, forexample, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) [Pd(PPh₃)₄] andtetrakis(tri(o-tolylphosphine)palladium(0),tetrakis(dimethylphenylphosphine)palladium(0),tetrakis(tris-p-methoxyphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and the like. It isunderstood that a palladium (II) salt can also be used, which generatesthe palladium (0) catalyst in situ. Suitable palladium (II) saltsinclude, for example, palladium diacetate [Pd(OAc)₂],bis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium diacetate and the like.

Copper catalysts suitable for coupling reactions are known to oneskilled in the art. Typically, the copper (I) catalyst can be copper (I)iodide.

Method B shows an alternative construction of the acetylene intermediate(A-3) by coupling an organic halide (i.e., R₅X) with a phenyl comprisinga terminal acetylene (A-5).

Method C shows the construction of an acetylene intermediate (A-7)through the addition of a terminal acetylene (A-5) to an aldehyde orketone (A-6).

Method D shows the construction of an acetylene intermediate (A-8)through the addition of a terminal acetylene (A-5) to an epoxide (A-9).

2. Side Chain Formation and Modification

Methods E-S below describe various approaches to side chain formationand modifications.

Generally speaking, a suitably substituted phenyl derivative can becoupled to a diverse range of side chains, which may be further modifiedto provide the final linkages and the nitrogen-containing moieties ofthe compounds disclosed herein.

Methods E-H illustrate pathways to form propylene linkages of thecompounds disclosed herein.

Method E illustrates an aryl halide coupled with an allyl alcohol in thepresence of a palladium(0) catalyst. The terminal alcohol group of allylalcohol has been simultaneously oxidized to an aldehyde group, which canbe further reductively aminated to an amine (—NR₁₂R₁₃).

Method F illustrates an aldol condensation between an aryl aldehyde oraryl ketone with a nitrile reagent comprising at least one α-hydrogen.The resulting condensation intermediate can be further reduced to anamine (—NR₁₂R₁₃).

Method G shows an acylation reaction to form a ketone-based linkage(i.e., R₁₀ and R₁₁ of Formula (I) form an oxo). One skilled in the artwill recognize that the R′ group may comprise functional groups that canbe further modified.

Method H shows a ring-opening reaction of an epoxide reagent to form ahydroxy-substituted propylene side chain linkage.

Method I illustrates an attachment of side chain moieties by an oxygen,which can be a precursor to an ethylene oxide linkage. Morespecifically, a side chain precursor (R′OH) can be condensed with anaryl derivative by eliminating a molecule of H₂O. R′ may comprisefunctional groups that can be further modified to prepare linkages andnitrogen-containing moieties of compounds of Formula (III) and itssubstructures, including Formulae (IIIa) and (IIIb).

Method J shows a condensation reaction that provides an oxygen linkingatom. Here, a molecule of HX is eliminated as the result of thecondensation.

After attachment, the side chain moiety can be further modified toprovide the final linkage and the terminal nitrogen-containing moietyfor the compounds disclosed herein. The following methods illustrate avariety of synthetic pathways to manipulate or modify the side chainmoiety by reduction, oxidation, nucleophilic or electrophilicsubstitution, fluorination, acylation and the like. As a result, adiverse group of linkages can be synthesized.

Method K illustrates an amination process in which carboxylic acid isconverted to an amine. Typically, the carboxylic acid (or ester) can befirst reduced to primary alcohol, which can then be converted to anamine via mesylate, halide, azide, phthalimide, or Mitsunobu reactionand the like. Suitable reducing agents include, for example, sodiumborohydride (NaBH₄), sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH₃CN), sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (NaBH(OCOCH₃)₃), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄)and the like. As shown, the resulting amine can be furtherfunctionalized, by known methods in the art.

Additional or alternative modifications can be carried out according tothe methods illustrated below.

Scheme I illustrates a complete synthetic sequence for preparing acompound disclosed herein.

In Scheme I, the side chain moiety is first constructed and the amineprotected. The acetylene moiety is then formed through coupling with aterminal acetylene according to Method A. The coupling product is thendeprotected to give rise to the final alkynyl phenyl derivative compoundcomprising a propylene linkage terminating in a primary amine. Othernitrogen-containing moieties (—NR₁₂R₁₃) can be further derived from theterminal amine, according to known methods in the art.

One skilled in the art should recognize, however, that the order of thereactions may vary. Thus, in other embodiments, acetylene formation mayprecede the side chain attachment.

In addition to the generic reaction schemes and methods discussed above,other exemplary reaction schemes are also provided to illustrate methodsfor preparing any of the compounds disclosed herein.

IV. Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases and Disorders

Alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds as described in detailherein, including compounds having the structure as set forth in any oneof Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and substructures thereof, and thespecific alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein that maybe useful for treating an ophthalmic disease or disorder may inhibit oneor more steps in the visual cycle, for example, by inhibiting orblocking a functional activity of a visual cycle trans-cis isomerase(also including a visual cycle trans-cis isomerase). The compoundsdescribed herein, may inhibit, block, or in some manner interfere withthe isomerization step in the visual cycle. In a particular embodiment,the compound inhibits isomerization of an all-trans-retinyl ester; incertain embodiments, the all-trans-retinyl ester is a fatty acid esterof all-trans-retinol, and the compound inhibits isomerization ofall-trans-retinol to 1-cis-retinol. The compound may bind to, or in somemanner interact with, and inhibit the isomerase activity of at least onevisual cycle isomerase, which may also be referred to herein and in theart as a retinal isomerase or an isomerohydrolase. The compound mayblock or inhibit binding of an all-trans-retinyl ester substrate to anisomerase. Alternatively, or in addition, the compound may bind to thecatalytic site or region of the isomerase, thereby inhibiting thecapability of the enzyme to catalyze isomerization of anall-trans-retinyl ester substrate. On the basis of scientific data todate, an at least one isomerase that catalyzes the isomerization ofall-trans-retinyl esters is believed to be located in the cytoplasm ofRPE cells. As discussed herein, each step, enzyme, substrate,intermediate, and product of the visual cycle is not yet elucidated(see, e.g., Moiseyev et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:12413-18(2004); Chen et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:1177-84 (2006);Lamb et al. supra).

A method for determining the effect of a compound on isomerase activitymay be performed in vitro as described herein and in the art (Stecher etal., J Biol Chem 274:8577-85 (1999); see also Golczak et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:8162-67 (2005)). Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) microsome membranes isolated from an animal (such as bovine,porcine, human, for example) may serve as the source of the isomerase.The capability of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compoundsto inhibit isomerase may also be determined by an in vivo murineisomerase assay. Brief exposure of the eye to intense light(“photobleaching” of the visual pigment or simply “bleaching”) is knownto photo-isomerize almost all 11-cis-retinal in the retina. The recoveryof 11-cis-retinal after bleaching can be used to estimate the activityof isomerase in vivo (see, e.g., Maeda et al., J. Neurochem 85:944-956(2003); Van Hooser et al., J Biol Chem 277:19173-82, 2002).Electroretinographic (ERG) recording may be performed as previouslydescribed (Haeseleer et al., Nat. Neurosci. 7:1079-87 (2004); Sugitomoet al., J. Toxicol. Sci. 22 Suppl 2:315-25 (1997); Keating et al.,Documenta Opthalmologica 100:77-92 (2000)). See also Deigner et al.,Science, 244: 968-971 (1989); Gollapalli et al., Biochim Biophys Acta.1651: 93-101 (2003); Parish, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95:14609-13 (1998); Radu, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 5928-33(2004)). In certain embodiments, compounds that are useful for treatinga subject who has or who is at risk of developing any one of theophthalmic and retinal diseases or disorders described herein have IC₅₀levels (compound concentration at which 50% of isomerase activity isinhibited) as measured in the isomerase assays described herein or knownin the art that is less than about 1 μM; in other embodiments, thedetermined IC₅₀ level is less than about 10 nM; in other embodiments,the determined IC₅₀ level is less than about 50 nM; in certain otherembodiments, the determined IC₅₀ level is less than about 100 nM; inother certain embodiments, the determined IC₅₀ level is less than about10 μM; in other embodiments, the determined IC₅₀ level is less thanabout 50 μM; in other certain embodiments, the determined IC₅₀ level isless than about 100 μM or about 500 μM; in other embodiments, thedetermined IC₅₀ level is between about 1 μM and 10 μM; in otherembodiments, the determined IC₅₀ level is between about 1 nM and 10 nM.When adminstered into a subject, one or more compounds of the presentinvention exhibits an ED₅₀ value of about 5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or less asascertained by inhibition of an isomerase reaction that results inproduction of 11-cis retinol. In some embodiments, the compounds of thepresent invention have ED₅₀ values of about 1 mg/kg when administeredinto a subject. In other embodiments, the compounds of the presentinvention have ED₅₀ values of about 0.1 mg/kg when administered into asubject. The ED50 values can be measured after about 2 hours, 4 hours, 6hours, 8 hours or longer upon administering a subject compound or apharmaceutical composition thereof.

The compounds described herein may be useful for treating a subject whohas an ophthalmic disease or disorder, particularly a retinal disease ordisorder such as age-related macular degeneration or Stargardt's maculardystrophy. In one embodiment, the compounds described herein may inhibit(i.e., prevent, reduce, slow, abrogate, or minimize) accumulation oflipofuscin pigments and lipofuscin-related and/or associated moleculesin the eye. In another embodiment, the compounds may inhibit (i.e.,prevent, reduce, slow, abrogate, or minimize)N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) accumulation in the eye. Theophthalmic disease may result, at least in part, from lipofuscinpigments accumulation and/or from accumulation of A2E in the eye.Accordingly, in certain embodiments, methods are provided for inhibitingor preventing accumulation of lipofuscin pigments and/or A2E in the eyeof a subject. These methods comprise administering to the subject acomposition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable or suitableexcipient (i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable or suitable carrier) and analkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound as described in detailherein, including a compound having the structure as set forth in anyone of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and substructures thereof, andthe specific alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein.

Accumulation of lipofuscin pigments in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)cells has been linked to progression of retinal diseases that result inblindness, including age-related macular degeneration (De Laey et al.,Retina 15:399-406 (1995)). Lipofuscin granules are autofluorescentlysosomal residual bodies (also called age pigments). The majorfluorescent species of lipofuscin is A2E (an orange-emittingfluorophore), which is a positively charged Schiff-basecondensation-product formed by all-trans retinaldehyde withphosphatidylethanolamine (2:1 ratio) (see, e.g., Eldred et al., Nature361:724-6 (1993); see also, Sparrow, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA100:4353-54 (2003)). Much of the indigestible lipofuscin pigment isbelieved to originate in photoreceptor cells; deposition in the RPEoccurs because the RPE internalize membranous debris that is discardeddaily by the photoreceptor cells. Formation of this compound is notbelieved to occur by catalysis by any enzyme, but rather A2E forms by aspontaneous cyclization reaction. In addition, A2E has a pyridiniumbisretinoid structure that once formed may not be enzymaticallydegraded. Lipofuscin, and thus A2E, accumulate with aging of the humaneye and also accumulate in a juvenile form of macular degenerationcalled Stargardt's disease, and in several other congenital retinaldystrophies.

A2E may induce damage to the retina via several different mechanisms. Atlow concentrations, A2E inhibits normal proteolysis in lysosomes (Holzet al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:737-43 (1999)). At higher,sufficient concentrations, A2E may act as a positively chargedlysosomotropic detergent, dissolving cellular membranes, and may alterlysosomal function, release proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria, andultimately kill the RPE cell (see, e.g. Eldred et al., supra; Sparrow etal., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. ScL 40:2988-95 (1999); Holz et al., supra;Finneman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:3842-347 (2002); Suter etal., J. Biol. Chem. 275:39625-30 (2000)). A2E is phototoxic andinitiates blue light-induced apoptosis in RPE cells (see, e.g. Sparrowet al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43:1222-27 (2002)). Upon exposureto blue light, photooxidative products of A2E are formed (e.g.,epoxides) that damage cellular macromolecules, including DNA (Sparrow etal., J. Biol. Chem. 278(20):18207-13 (2003)). A2E self-generates singletoxygen that reacts with A2E to generate epoxides at carbon-carbon doublebonds (Sparrow et al., supra). Generation of oxygen reactive speciesupon photoexcitation of A2E causes oxidative damage to the cell, oftenresulting in cell death. An indirect method of blocking formation of A2Eby inhibiting biosynthesis of the direct precursor of A2E,all-trans-retinal, has been described (see U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2003/0032078). However, the usefulness of the methoddescribed therein is limited because generation of all-trans retinal isan important component of the visual cycle. Other therapies describedinclude neutralizing damage caused by oxidative radical species by usingsuperoxide-dismutase mimetics (see, e.g., U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2004/0116403) and inhibiting A2E-induced cytochrome Coxidase in retinal cells with negatively charged phospholipids (see,e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0050283).

The alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described hereinmay be useful for preventing, reducing, inhibiting, or decreasingaccumulation (i.e., deposition) of A2E and A2E-related and/or derivedmolecules in the RPE. Without wishing to be bound by theory, because theRPE is critical for the maintenance of the integrity of photoreceptorcells, preventing, reducing, or inhibiting damage to the RPE may inhibitdegeneration (i.e., enhance the survival or increase or prolong cellviability) of retinal neuronal cells, particularly, photoreceptor cells.Compounds that bind specifically to or interact with A2E A2E-relatedand/or derived molecules or that affect A2E formation or accumulationmay also reduce, inhibit, prevent, or decrease one or more toxic effectsof A2E or of A2E-related and/or derived molecules that result in retinalneuronal cell (including a photoreceptor cell) damage, loss, orneurodegeneration, or in some manner decrease retinal neuronal cellviability. Such toxic effects include induction of apoptosis,self-generation of singlet oxygen and generation of oxygen reactivespecies; self-generation of singlet oxygen to form A2E-epoxides thatinduce DNA lesions, thus damaging cellular DNA and inducing cellulardamage; dissolving cellular membranes; altering lysosomal function; andeffecting release of proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria.

In other embodiments, the compounds described herein may be used fortreating other ophthalmic diseases or disorders, for example, glaucoma,cone-rod dystrophy, retinal detachment, hemorrhagic or hypertensiveretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, optic neuropathy, inflammatoryretinal disease, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, genetic retinaldystrophies, traumatic injury to the optic nerve (such as by physicalinjury, excessive light exposure, or laser light), hereditary opticneuropathy, neuropathy due to a toxic agent or caused by adverse drugreactions or vitamin deficiency, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, aretinal disorder associated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorderassociated with multiple sclerosis; a retinal disorder associated withviral infection (cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus), a retinaldisorder associated with Parkinson's disease, a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS, or other forms of progressive retinal atrophy ordegeneration. In another specific embodiment, the disease or disorderresults from mechanical injury, chemical or drug-induced injury, thermalinjury, radiation injury, light injury, laser injury. The subjectcompounds are useful for treating both hereditary and non-hereditaryretinal dystrophy. These methods are also useful for preventingophthalmic injury from environmental factors such as light-inducedoxidative retinal damage, laser-induced retinal damage, “flash bombinjury,” or “light dazzle”, refractive errors including but not limitedto myopia (see, e.g., Quinn G E et al. Nature 1999; 399:113-114; ZadnikK et al. Nature 2000; 404:143-144; Gwiazda J et al. Nature 2000; 404:144), etc.

In other embodiments, methods are provided herein for inhibitingneovascularization (including but not limited to neovascular glycoma) inthe retina using any one or more of the alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound as described in detail herein, including a compoundhaving the structure as set forth in any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and(I)-(III), and substructures thereof, and the specific alkynylphenyl-linked amine compounds described herein. In certain otherembodiments, methods are provided for reducing hypoxia in the retinausing the compounds described herein. These methods compriseadministering to a subject, in need thereof, a composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable or suitable excipient (i.e.,pharmaceutically acceptable or suitable carrier) and a alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound as described in detail herein,including a compound having the structure as set forth in any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and substructures thereof, and thespecific alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein.

Merely by way of explanation and without being bound by any theory, andas discussed in further detail herein, dark-adapted rod photoreceptorsengender a very high metabolic demand (i.e., expenditure of energy (ATPconsumption) and consumption of oxygen). The resultant hypoxia may causeand/or exacerbate retinal degeneration, which is likely exaggeratedunder conditions in which the retinal vasculature is alreadycompromised, including, but not limited to, such conditions as diabeticretinopathy, macular edema, diabetic maculopathy, retinal blood vesselocclusion (which includes retinal venous occlusion and retinal arterialocclusion), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemia reperfusion relatedretinal injury, as well as in the wet form of age-related maculardegeneration (AMD). Furthermore, retinal degeneration and hypoxia maylead to neovascularization, which in turn may worsen the extent ofretinal degeneration. The alkynyl phenyl derivative compounds describedherein that modulate the visual cycle can be administered to prevent,inhibit, and/or delay dark adaptation of rod photoreceptor cells, andmay therefore reduce metabolic demand, thereby reducing hypoxia andinhibiting neovascularization.

By way of background, oxygen is a critical molecule for preservation ofretinal function in mammals, and retinal hypoxia may be a factor in manyretinal diseases and disorders that have ischemia as a component. Inmost mammals (including humans) with dual vascular supply to the retina,oxygenation of the inner retina is achieved through the intraretinalmicrovasculature, which is sparse compared to the choriocapillaris thatsupplies oxygen to the RPE and photoreceptors. The different vascularsupply networks create an uneven oxygen tension across the thickness ofthe retina (Cringle et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43:1922-27(2002)). Oxygen fluctuation across the retinal layers is related to boththe differing capillary densities and disparity in oxygen consumption byvarious retinal neurons and glia.

Local oxygen tension can significantly affect the retina and itsmicrovasculature by regulation of an array of vasoactive agents,including, for example, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (See,e.g., Werdich et al., Exp. Eye Res. 79:623 (2004); Arden et al., Br. J.Opthalmol. 89:764 (2005)). Rod photoreceptors are believed to have thehighest metabolic rate of any cell in the body (see, e.g., Arden et al.,supra). During dark adaptation, the rod photoreceptors recover theirhigh cytoplasmic calcium levels via cGMP-gated calcium channels withconcomitant extrusion of sodium ions and water. The efflux of sodiumfrom the cell is an ATP-dependent process, such that the retinal neuronsconsume up to an estimated five times more oxygen under scotopic (i.e.,dark adapted), compared with photopic (i.e., light adapted) conditions.Thus, during characteristic dark adaptation of photoreceptors, the highmetabolic demand leads to significant local reduction of oxygen levelsin the dark-adapted retina (Ahmed et al, Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci.34:516 (1993)).

Without being bound by any one theory, retinal hypoxia may be furtherincreased in the retina of subjects who have diseases or conditions suchas, for example, central retinal vein occlusion in which the retinalvasculature is already compromised. Increasing hypoxia may increasesusceptibility to sight-threatening, retinal neovascularization.Neovascularization is the formation of new, functional microvascularnetworks with red blood cell perfusion, and is a characteristic ofretinal degenerative disorders, including, but not limited to, diabeticretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, wet AMD and central retinalvein occlusions. Preventing or inhibiting dark adaptation of rodphotoreceptor cells, thereby decreasing expenditure of energy andconsumption of oxygen (i.e., reducing metabolic demand), may inhibit orslow retinal degeneration, and/or may promote regeneration of retinalcells, including rod photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells, and may reduce hypoxia and may inhibit neovascularization.

Methods are described herein for inhibiting (i.e., reducing, preventing,slowing or retarding, in a biologically or statistically significantmanner) degeneration of retinal cells (including retinal neuronal cellsas described herein and RPE cells) and/or for reducing (i.e., preventingor slowing, inhibiting, abrogating in a biologically or statisticallysignificant manner) retinal ischemia. Methods are also provided forinhibiting (i.e., reducing, preventing, slowing or retarding, in abiologically or statistically significant manner) neovascularization inthe eye, particularly in the retina. Such methods comprise contactingthe retina, and thus, contacting retinal cells (including retinalneuronal cells such as rod photoreceptor cells, and RPE cells) with atleast one of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compoundsdescribed herein that inhibits at least one visual cycle trans-cisisomerase (which may include inhibition of isomerization of anall-trans-retinyl ester), under conditions and at a time that mayprevent, inhibit, or delay dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cellin the retina. As described in further detail herein, in particularembodiments, the compound that contacts the retina interacts with anisomerase enzyme or enzymatic complex in a RPE cell in the retina andinhibits, blocks, or in some manner interferes with the catalyticactivity of the isomerase. Thus, isomerization of an all-trans-retinylester is inhibited or reduced. The at least one alkynyl phenyl-linkedderivative compound (or composition comprising at least one compound)may be administered to a subject who has developed and manifested anophthalmic disease or disorder or who is at risk of developing anophthalmic disease or disorder, or to a subject who presents or who isat risk of presenting a condition such as retinal neovascularization orretinal ischemia.

By way of background, the visual cycle (also called retinoid cycle)refers to the series of enzyme and light-mediated conversions betweenthe 11-cis and all-trans forms of retinol/retinal that occur in thephotoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the eye. Invertebrate photoreceptor cells, a photon causes isomerization of the11-cis-retinylidene chromophore to all-trans-retinylidene coupled to thevisual opsin receptors. This photoisomerization triggers conformationalchanges of opsins, which, in turn, initiate the biochemical chain ofreactions termed phototransduction (Filipek et al., Annu. Rev. Physiol.65 851-79 (2003)). After absorption of light and photoisomerization of11-cis-retinal to all-trans retinal, regeneration of the visualchromophore is a critical step in restoring photoreceptors to theirdark-adapted state. Regeneration of the visual pigment requires that thechromophore be converted back to the 11-cis-configuration (reviewed inMcBee et al., Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20:469-52 (2001)). The chromophoreis released from the opsin and reduced in the photoreceptor by retinoldehydrogenases. The product, all-trans-retinol, is trapped in theadjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the form of insoluble fattyacid esters in subcellular structures known as retinosomes (Imanishi etal., J. Cell Biol. 164:373-78 (2004)).

During the visual cycle in rod receptor cells, the 11-cis retinalchromophore within the visual pigment molecule, which is calledrhodopsin, absorbs a photon of light and is isomerized to the all-transconfiguration, thereby activating the phototransduction cascade.Rhodopsin is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that consists of sevenmembrane-spanning helices that are interconnected by extracellular andcytoplasmic loops. When the all-trans form of the retinoid is stillcovalently bound to the pigment molecule, the pigment is referred to asmetarhodopsin, which exists in different forms (e.g., metarhodopsin Iand metarhodopsin II). The all-trans retinoid is then hydrolyzed and thevisual pigment is in the form of the apoprotein, opsin, which is alsocalled apo-rhodopsin in the art and herein. This all-trans retinoid istransported or chaperoned out of the photoreceptor cell and across theextracellular space to the RPE cells, where the retinoid is converted tothe 11-cis isomer. The movement of the retinoids between the RPE andphotoreceptors cells is believed to be accomplished by differentchaperone polypeptides in each of the cell types. See Lamb et al.,Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 23:307-80 (2004).

Under light conditions, rhodopsin continually transitions through thethree forms, rhodopsin, metarhodopsin, and apo-rhodopsin. When most ofthe visual pigment is in the rhodopsin form (i.e., bound with 11-cisretinal), the rod photoreceptor cell is in a “dark-adapted” state. Whenthe visual pigment is predominantly in the metarhodopsin form (i.e.,bound with all-trans-retinal), the state of the photoreceptor cell isreferred to as a “light-adapted,” and when the visual pigment isapo-rhodopsin (or opsin) and no longer has bound chromophore, the stateof the photoreceptor cell is referred to as “rhodopsin-depleted.” Eachof the three states of the photoreceptor cell has different energyrequirements, and differing levels of ATP and oxygen are consumed. Inthe dark-adapted state, rhodopsin has no regulatory effect on cationchannels, which are open, resulting in an influx of cations (Na⁺/K⁺ andCa²⁺). To maintain the proper level of these cations in the cell duringthe dark state, the photoreceptor cells actively transport the cationsout of the cell via ATP-dependent pumps. Thus maintenance of this “darkcurrent” requires a large amount of energy, resulting in high metabolicdemand. In the light-adapted state, metarhodopsin triggers an enzymaticcascade process that results in hydrolysis of GMP, which in turn, closescation-specific channels in the photoreceptor cell membrane. In therhodopsin-depleted state, the chromophore is hydrolyzed frommetarhodopsin to form the apoprotein, opsin (apo-rhodopsin), whichpartially regulates the cation channels such that the rod photoreceptorcells exhibit an attenuated current compared with the photoreceptor inthe dark-adapted state, resulting in a moderate metabolic demand.

Under normal light conditions, the incidence of rod photoreceptors inthe dark adapted state is small, in general, 2% or less, and the cellsare primarily in the light-adapted or rhodopsin-depleted states, whichoverall results in a relatively low metabolic demand compared with cellsin the dark-adapted state. At night, however, the relative incidence ofthe dark-adapted photoreceptor state increases profoundly, due to theabsence of light adaptation and to the continued operation of the “dark”visual cycle in RPE cells, which replenishes the rod photoreceptor cellswith 11-cis-retinal. This shift to dark adaptation of the rodphotoreceptor causes an increase in metabolic demand (that is, increasedATP and oxygen consumption), leading ultimately to retinal hypoxia andsubsequent initiation of angiogenesis. Most ischaemic insults to theretina therefore occur in the dark, for example, at night during sleep.

Without being bound by any theory, therapeutic intervention during the“dark” visual cycle may prevent retinal hypoxia and neovascularizationthat are caused by high metabolic activity in the dark-adapted rodphotoreceptor cell. Merely by way of one example, altering the “dark”visual cycle by administering any one of the compounds described herein,which is an isomerase inhibitor, rhodopsin (i.e., 11-cis retinal bound)may be reduced or depleted, preventing or inhibiting dark adaptation ofrod photoreceptors. This in turn may reduce retinal metabolic demand,attenuating the nighttime risk of retinal ischemia andneovascularization, and thereby inhibiting or slowing retinaldegeneration.

In one embodiment, at least one of the compounds described herein (i.e.,an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound as described indetail herein, including a compound having the structure as set forth inany one of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and substructures thereof,and the specific alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein)that, for example, blocks, reduces, inhibits, or in some mannerattenuates the catalytic activity of a visual cycle isomerase in astatistically or biologically significant manner, may prevent, inhibit,or delay dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby inhibiting(i.e., reducing, abrogating, preventing, slowing the progression of, ordecreasing in a statistically or biologically significant manner)degeneration of retinal cells (or enhancing survival of retinal cells)of the retina of an eye. In another embodiment, the alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compounds may prevent or inhibit darkadaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell, thereby reducing ischemia (i.e.,decreasing, preventing, inhibiting, slowing the progression of ischemiain a statistically or biologically significant manner). In yet anotherembodiment, any one of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompounds described herein may prevent dark adaptation of a rodphotoreceptor cell, thereby inhibiting neovascularization in the retinaof an eye. Accordingly, methods are provided herein for inhibitingretinal cell degeneration, for inhibiting neovascularization in theretina of an eye of a subject, and for reducing ischemia in an eye of asubject wherein the methods comprise administering at least one alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound described herein, underconditions and at a time sufficient to prevent, inhibit, or delay darkadaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell. These methods and compositionsare therefore useful for treating an ophthalmic disease or disorderincluding, but not limited to, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticmaculopathy, retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity,or ischemia reperfusion related retinal injury.

The alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described herein(i.e., an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound as describedin detail herein, including a compound having the structure as set forthin any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and substructures thereof,and the specific alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein)may prevent (i.e., delay, slow, inhibit, or decrease) recovery of thevisual pigment chromophore, which may prevent or inhibit or retard theformation of retinals and may increase the level of retinyl esters,which perturbs the visual cycle, inhibiting regeneration of rhodopsin,and which prevents, slows, delays or inhibits dark adaptation of a rodphotoreceptor cell. In certain embodiments, when dark adaptation of rodphotoreceptor cells is prevented in the presence of the compound, darkadaptation is substantially prevented, and the number or percent of rodphotoreceptor cells that are rhodopsin-depleted or light adapted isincreased compared with the number or percent of cells that arerhodopsin-depleted or light-adapted in the absence of the agent. Thus,in certain embodiments when dark adaptation of rod photoreceptor cellsis prevented (i.e., substantially prevented), only at least 2% of rodphotoreceptor cells are dark-adapted, similar to the percent or numberof cells that are in a dark-adapted state during normal, lightconditions. In other certain embodiments, at least 5-10%, 10-20%,20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, or 60-70% of rod photoreceptor cells aredark-adapted after administration of an agent. In other embodiments, thecompound acts to delay dark adaptation, and in the presence of thecompound dark adaptation of rod photoreceptor cells may be delayed 30minutes, one hour, two hours, three hours, or four hours compared todark adaptation of rod photoreceptors in the absence of the compound. Bycontrast, when an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound isadministered such that the compound effectively inhibits isomerizationof substrate during light-adapted conditions, the compound isadministered in such a manner to minimize the percent of rodphotoreceptor cells that are dark-adapted, for example, only 2%, 5%,10%, 20%, or 25% of rod photoreceptors are dark-adapted (see e.g., U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0069078; Patent Application No.PCT/US2007/002330).

In the retina in the presence of at least one alkynyl phenyl-linkedamine derivative compound, regeneration of rhodopsin in a rodphotoreceptor cell may be inhibited or the rate of regeneration may bereduced (i.e., inhibited, reduced, or decreased in a statistically orbiologically significant manner), at least in part, by preventing theformation of retinals, reducing the level of retinals, and/or increasingthe level of retinyl esters. To determine the level of regeneration ofrhodopsin in a rod photoreceptor cell, the level of regeneration ofrhodopsin (which may be called a first level) may be determined prior topermitting contact between the compound and the retina (i.e., prior toadministration of the agent). After a time sufficient for the compoundand the retina and cells of the retina to interact, (i.e., afteradministration of the compound), the level of regeneration of rhodopsin(which may be called a second level) may be determined. A decrease inthe second level compared with the first level indicates that thecompound inhibits regeneration of rhodopsin. The level of rhodopsingeneration may be determined after each dose, or after any number ofdoses, and ongoing throughout the therapeutic regimen to characterizethe effect of the agent on regeneration of rhodopsin.

In certain embodiments, the subject in need of the treatments describedherein, may have a disease or disorder that results in or causesimpairment of the capability of rod photoreceptors to regeneraterhodopsin in the retina. By way of example, inhibition of rhodopsinregeneration (or reduction of the rate of rhodopsin regeneration) may besymptomatic in patients with diabetes. In addition to determining thelevel of regeneration of rhodopsin in the subject who has diabetesbefore and after administration of an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound described herein, the effect of the compound mayalso be characterized by comparing inhibition of rhodopsin regenerationin a first subject (or a first group or plurality of subjects) to whomthe compound is administered, to a second subject (or second group orplurality of subjects) who has diabetes but who does not receive theagent.

In another embodiment, a method is provided for preventing or inhibitingdark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell (or a plurality of rodphotoreceptor cells) in a retina comprising contacting the retina and atleast one of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compoundsdescribed herein (i.e., a compound as described in detail herein,including a compound having the structure as set forth in any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), and substructures thereof, and thespecific alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein), underconditions and at a time sufficient to permit interaction between theagent and an isomerase present in a retinal cell (such as an RPE cell).A first level of 11-cis-retinal in a rod photoreceptor cell in thepresence of the compound may be determined and compared to a secondlevel of 11-cis-retinal in a rod photoreceptor cell in the absence ofthe compound. Prevention or inhibition of dark adaptation of the rodphotoreceptor cell is indicated when the first level of 11-cis-retinalis less than the second level of 11-cis-retinal.

Inhibiting regeneration of rhodopsin may also include increasing thelevel of 11-cis-retinyl esters present in the RPE cell in the presenceof the compound compared with the level of 11-cis-retinyl esters presentin the RPE cell in the absence of the compound (i.e., prior toadministration of the agent). A two-photon imaging technique may be usedto view and analyze retinosome structures in the RPE, which structuresare believed to store retinyl esters (see, e.g., Imanishi et al., J.Cell Biol. 164:373-83 (2004), Epub 2004 Jan. 26). A first level ofretinyl esters may be determined prior to administration of thecompound, and a second level of retinyl esters may be determined afteradministration of a first dose or any subsequent dose, wherein anincrease in the second level compared to the first level indicates thatthe compound inhibits regeneration of rhodopsin.

Retinyl esters may be analyzed by gradient HPLC according to methodspracticed in the art (see, for example, Mata et al., Neuron 36:69-80(2002); Trevino et al. J. Exp. Biol. 208:4151-57 (2005)). To measure11-cis and all-trans retinals, retinoids may be extracted by aformaldehyde method (see, e.g., Suzuki et al., Vis. Res. 28:1061-70(1988); Okajima and Pepperberg, Exp. Eye Res. 65:331-40 (1997)) or by ahydroxylamine method (see, e.g., Groenendijk et al., Biochim. Biophys.Acta. 617:430-38 (1980)) before being analyzed on isocratic HPLC (see,e.g., Trevino et al., supra). The retinoids may be monitoredspectrophotometrically (see, e.g., Maeda et al., J. Neurochem.85:944-956 (2003); Van Hooser et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:19173-82(2002)).

In another embodiment of the methods described herein for treating anophthalmic disease or disorder, for inhibiting retinal cell degeneration(or enhancing retinal cell survival), for inhibiting neovascularization,and for reducing ischemia in the retina, preventing or inhibiting darkadaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell in the retina comprisesincreasing the level of apo-rhodopsin (also called opsin) in thephotoreceptor cell. The total level of the visual pigment approximatesthe sum of rhodopsin and apo-rhodopsin and the total level remainsconstant. Therefore, preventing, delaying, or inhibiting dark adaptationof the rod photoreceptor cell may alter the ratio of apo-rhodopsin torhodopsin. In particular embodiments, preventing, delaying, orinhibiting dark adaptation by administering an alkynyl phenyl-linkedamine derivative compound described herein may increase the ratio of thelevel of apo-rhodopsin to the level of rhodopsin compared to the ratioin the absence of the agent (for example, prior to administration of theagent). An increase in the ratio (i.e., a statistically or biologicallysignificant increase) of apo-rhodopsin to rhodopsin indicates that thepercent or number of rod photoreceptor cells that are rhodopsin-depletedis increased and that the percent or number of rod photoreceptor cellsthat are dark-adapted is decreased. The ratio of apo-rhodopsin torhodopsin may be determined throughout the course of therapy to monitorthe effect of the agent.

Determining or characterizing the capability of compound to prevent,delay, or inhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell may bedetermined in animal model studies. The level of rhodopsin and the ratioof apo-rhodopsin to rhodopsin may be determined prior to administration(which may be called a first level or first ratio, respectively) of theagent and then after administration of a first or any subsequent dose ofthe agent (which may be called a second level or second ratio,respectively) to determine and to demonstrate that the level ofapo-rhodopsin is greater than the level of apo-rhodopsin in the retinaof animals that did not receive the agent. The level of rhodopsin in rodphotoreceptor cells may be performed according to methods practiced inthe art and provided herein (see, e.g., Yan et al. J. Biol. Chem.279:48189-96 (2004)).

A subject in need of such treatment may be a human or may be a non-humanprimate or other animal (i.e., veterinary use) who has developedsymptoms of an ophthalmic disease or disorder or who is at risk fordeveloping an ophthalmic disease or disorder. Examples of non-humanprimates and other animals include but are not limited to farm animals,pets, and zoo animals (e.g., horses, cows, buffalo, llamas, goats,rabbits, cats, dogs, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, monkeys,elephants, bears, large cats, etc.).

Also provided herein are methods for inhibiting (reducing, slowing,preventing) degeneration and enhancing retinal neuronal cell survival(or prolonging cell viability) comprising administering to a subject acomposition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and analkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound described in detailherein, including a compound having any one of the structures set forthin Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III) substructures thereof, and specificalkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds recited herein. Retinal neuronalcells include photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells,ganglion cells, and amacrine cells. In another embodiment, methods areprovided for enhancing survival or inhibiting degeneration of a matureretinal cell such as a RPE cell or a Müller glial cell. In otherembodiments, a method for preventing or inhibiting photoreceptordegeneration in an eye of a subject are provided. A method that preventsor inhibits photoreceptor degeneration may include a method forrestoring photoreceptor function in an eye of a subject. Such methodscomprise administering to the subject a composition comprising analkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound as described herein anda pharmaceutically or acceptable carrier (i.e., excipient or vehicle).More specifically, these methods comprise administering to a subject apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound described herein, including a compound having anyone of the structures set forth in Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III) orsubstructures thereof described herein. Without wishing to be bound bytheory, the compounds described herein may inhibit an isomerization stepof the retinoid cycle (i.e., visual cycle) and/or may slow chromophoreflux in a retinoid cycle in the eye.

The ophthalmic disease may result, at least in part, from lipofuscinpigment(s) accumulation and/or from accumulation ofN-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) in the eye. Accordingly, incertain embodiments, methods are provided for inhibiting or preventingaccumulation of lipofuscin pigment(s) and/or A2E in the eye of asubject. These methods comprise administering to the subject acomposition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and analkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound as described in detail herein,including a compound having the structure as set forth in any one ofFormulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III) or substructures thereof.

An alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound can be administered to a subjectwho has an excess of a retinoid in an eye (e.g., an excess of11-cis-retinol or 11-cis-retinal), an excess of retinoid waste productsor intermediates in the recycling of all-trans-retinal, or the like.Methods described herein and practiced in the art may be used todetermine whether the level of one or more endogenous retinoids in asubject are altered (increased or decreased in a statisticallysignificant or biologically significant manner) during or afteradministration of any one of the compounds described herein. Rhodopsin,which is composed of the protein opsin and retinal (a vitamin A form),is located in the membrane of the photoreceptor cell in the retina ofthe eye and catalyzes the only light-sensitive step in vision. The11-cis-retinal chromophore lies in a pocket of the protein and isisomerized to all-trans retinal when light is absorbed. Theisomerization of retinal leads to a change of the shape of rhodopsin,which triggers a cascade of reactions that lead to a nerve impulse thatis transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve.

Methods of determining endogenous retinoid levels in a vertebrate eye,and an excess or deficiency of such retinoids, are disclosed in, forexample, U.S. Patent Application Publication No: 2005/0159662 (thedisclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety). Other methods of determining endogenous retinoid levels in asubject, which is useful for determining whether levels of suchretinoids are above the normal range, and include for example, analysisby high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of retinoids in abiological sample from a subject. For example, retinoid levels can bedetermined in a biological sample that is a blood sample (which includesserum or plasma) from a subject. A biological sample may also includevitreous fluid, aqueous humor, intraocular fluid, subretinal fluid, ortears.

For example, a blood sample can be obtained from a subject, anddifferent retinoid compounds and levels of one or more of the retinoidcompounds in the sample can be separated and analyzed by normal phasehigh pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., with a HP1100 HPLC anda Beckman, Ultrasphere-Si, 4.6 mm×250 mm column using 10% ethylacetate/90% hexane at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/minute). The retinoids canbe detected by, for example, detection at 325 nm using a diode-arraydetector and HP Chemstation A.03.03 software. An excess in retinoids canbe determined, for example, by comparison of the profile of retinoids(i.e., qualitative, e.g., identity of specific compounds, andquantitative, e.g., the level of each specific compound) in the samplewith a sample from a normal subject. Persons skilled in the art who arefamiliar with such assays and techniques and will readily understandthat appropriate controls are included.

As used herein, increased or excessive levels of endogenous retinoid,such as 11-cis-retinol or 11-cis-retinal, refer to levels of endogenousretinoid higher than those found in a healthy eye of a young vertebrateof the same species. Administration of an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound and reduce or eliminate the requirement forendogenous retinoid. In certain embodiments, the level of endogenousretinoid may be compared before and after any one or more doses of anallynyl phenyl-linked amine compound is administered to a subject todetermine the effect of the compound on the level of endogenousretinoids in the subject.

In another embodiment, the methods described herein for treating anophthalmic disease or disorder, for inhibiting neovascularization, andfor reducing ischemia in the retina comprise administering at least oneof the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein, therebyeffecting a decrease in metabolic demand, which includes effecting areduction in ATP consumption and in oxygen consumption in rodphotoreceptor cells. As described herein, consumption of ATP and oxygenin a dark-adapted rod photoreceptor cell is greater than in rodphotoreceptor cells that are light-adapted or rhodopsin-depleted; thus,use of the compounds in the methods described herein may reduce theconsumption of ATP in the rod photoreceptor cells that are prevented,inhibited, or delayed from dark adaptation compared with rodphotoreceptor cells that are dark-adapted (such as the cells prior toadministration or contact with the compound or cells that are neverexposed to the compound).

The methods described herein that may prevent or inhibit dark adaptationof a rod photoreceptor cell may therefore reduce hypoxia (i.e., reducein a statistically or biologically significant manner) in the retina.For example, the level of hypoxia (a first level) may be determinedprior to initiation of the treatment regimen, that is, prior to thefirst dosing of the compound (or a composition, as described herein,comprising the compound). The level of hypoxia (for example, a secondlevel) may be determined after the first dosing, and/or after any secondor subsequent dosing to monitor and characterize hypoxia throughout thetreatment regimen. A decrease (reduction) in the second (or anysubsequent) level of hypoxia compared to the level of hypoxia prior toinitial administration indicates that the compound and the treatmentregiment prevent dark adaptation of the rod photoreceptor cells and maybe used for treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders. Consumption ofoxygen, oxygenation of the retina, and/or hypoxia in the retina may bedetermined using methods practiced in the art. For example, oxygenationof the retina may be determined by measuring the fluorescence offlavoproteins in the retina (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,354).Another exemplary method is retinal oximetry that measures blood oxygensaturation in the large vessels of the retina near the optic disc. Suchmethods may be used to identify and determine the extent of retinalhypoxia before changes in retinal vessel architecture can be detected.

A biological sample may be a blood sample (from which serum or plasmamay be prepared), biopsy specimen, body fluids (e.g., vitreous fluid,aqueous humor, intraocular fluid, subretinal fluid, or tears), tissueexplant, organ culture, or any other tissue or cell preparation from asubject or a biological source. A sample may further refer to a tissueor cell preparation in which the morphological integrity or physicalstate has been disrupted, for example, by dissection, dissociation,solubilization, fractionation, homogenization, biochemical or chemicalextraction, pulverization, lyophilization, sonication, or any othermeans for processing a sample derived from a subject or biologicalsource. The subject or biological source may be a human or non-humananimal, a primary cell culture (e.g., a retinal cell culture), orculture adapted cell line, including but not limited to, geneticallyengineered cell lines that may contain chromosomally integrated orepisomal recombinant nucleic acid sequences, immortalized orimmortalizable cell lines, somatic cell hybrid cell lines,differentiated or differentiatable cell lines, transformed cell lines,and the like. Mature retinal cells, including retinal neuronal cells,RPE cells, and Müller glial cells, may be present in or isolated from abiological sample as described herein. For example, the mature retinalcell may be obtained from a primary or long-term cell culture or may bepresent in or isolated from a biological sample obtained from a subject(human or non-human animal).

3. Retinal Cells

The retina is a thin layer of nervous tissue located between thevitreous body and choroid in the eye. Major landmarks in the retina arethe fovea, the macula, and the optic disc. The retina is thickest nearthe posterior sections and becomes thinner near the periphery. Themacula is located in the posterior retina and contains the fovea andfoveola. The foveola contains the area of maximal cone density and,thus, imparts the highest visual acuity in the retina. The foveola iscontained within the fovea, which is contained within the macula.

The peripheral portion of the retina increases the field of vision. Theperipheral retina extends anterior to the ciliary body and is dividedinto four regions: the near periphery (most posterior), themid-periphery, the far periphery, and the ora serrata (most anterior).The ora serrata denotes the termination of the retina.

The term neuron (or nerve cell) as understood in the art and used hereindenotes a cell that arises from neuroepithelial cell precursors. Matureneurons (i.e., fully differentiated cells) display several specificantigenic markers. Neurons may be classified functionally into threegroups: (1) afferent neurons (or sensory neurons) that transmitinformation into the brain for conscious perception and motorcoordination; (2) motor neurons that transmit commands to muscles andglands; and (3) interneurons that are responsible for local circuitry;and (4) projection interneurons that relay information from one regionof the brain to anther region and therefore have long axons.Interneurons process information within specific subregions of the brainand have relatively shorter axons. A neuron typically has four definedregions: the cell body (or soma); an axon; dendrites; and presynapticterminals. The dendrites serve as the primary input of information fromother neural cells. The axon carries the electrical signals that areinitiated in the cell body to other neurons or to effector organs. Atthe presynaptic terminals, the neuron transmits information to anothercell (the postsynaptic cell), which may be another neuron, a musclecell, or a secretory cell.

The retina is composed of several types of neuronal cells. As describedherein, the types of retinal neuronal cells that may be cultured invitro by this method include photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells, andinterneurons such as bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrinecells. Photoreceptors are specialized light-reactive neural cells andcomprise two major classes, rods and cones. Rods are involved inscotopic or dim light vision, whereas photopic or bright light visionoriginates in the cones. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as AMD,that result in blindness affect photoreceptors.

Extending from their cell bodies, the photoreceptors have twomorphologically distinct regions, the inner and outer segments. Theouter segment lies furthermost from the photoreceptor cell body andcontains disks that convert incoming light energy into electricalimpulses (phototransduction). The outer segment is attached to the innersegment with a very small and fragile cilium. The size and shape of theouter segments vary between rods and cones and are dependent uponposition within the retina. See Hogan, “Retina” in Histology of theHuman Eye: an Atlas and Text Book (Hogan et al. (eds). WB Saunders;Philadelphia, Pa. (1971)); Eye and Orbit, 8^(th) Ed., Bron et al.,(Chapman and Hall, 1997).

Ganglion cells are output neurons that convey information from theretinal interneurons (including horizontal cells, bipolar cells,amacrine cells) to the brain. Bipolar cells are named according to theirmorphology, and receive input from the photoreceptors, connect withamacrine cells, and send output radially to the ganglion cells. Amacrinecells have processes parallel to the plane of the retina and havetypically inhibitory output to ganglion cells. Amacrine cells are oftensubclassified by neurotransmitter or neuromodulator or peptide (such ascalretinin or calbindin) and interact with each other, with bipolarcells, and with photoreceptors. Bipolar cells are retinal interneuronsthat are named according to their morphology; bipolar cells receiveinput from the photoreceptors and sent the input to the ganglion cells.Horizontal cells modulate and transform visual information from largenumbers of photoreceptors and have horizontal integration (whereasbipolar cells relay information radially through the retina).

Other retinal cells that may be present in the retinal cell culturesdescribed herein include glial cells, such as Müller glial cells, andretinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). Glial cells surround nerve cellbodies and axons. The glial cells do not carry electrical impulses butcontribute to maintenance of normal brain function. Müller glia, thepredominant type of glial cell within the retina, provide structuralsupport of the retina and are involved in the metabolism of the retina(e.g. contribute to regulation of ionic concentrations, degradation ofneurotransmitters, and remove certain metabolites (see, e.g., Kljavin etal., J. Neurosci. 11:2985 (1991))). Müller's fibers (also known assustentacular fibers of retina) are sustentacular neuroglial cells ofthe retina that run through the thickness of the retina from theinternal limiting membrane to the bases of the rods and cones where theyform a row of junctional complexes.

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form the outermost layer of theretina, separated from the blood vessel-enriched choroids by Bruch'smembrane. RPE cells are a type of phagocytic epithelial cell, with somefunctions that are macrophage-like, which lies immediately below theretinal photoreceptors. The dorsal surface of the RPE cell is closelyapposed to the ends of the rods, and as discs are shed from the rodouter segment they are internalized and digested by RPE cells. Similarprocess occurs with the disc of the cones. RPE cells also produce,store, and transport a variety of factors that contribute to the normalfunction and survival of photoreceptors. Another function of RPE cellsis to recycle vitamine A as it moves between photoreceptors and the RPEduring light and dark adaptation in the process known as the visualcycle.

Described herein is an exemplary long-term in vitro cell culture systempermits and promotes the survival in culture of mature retinal cells,including retinal neurons, for at least 2-4 weeks, over 2 months, or foras long as 6 months. The cell culture system may be used for identifyingand characterizing the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compoundsthat are useful in the methods described herein for treating and/orpreventing an ophthalmic disease or disorder or for preventing orinhibiting accumulation in the eye of lipofuscin(s) and/or A2E. Retinalcells are isolated from non-embryonic, non-tumorigenic tissue and havenot been immortalized by any method such as, for example, transformationor infection with an oncogenic virus. The cell culture system comprisesall the major retinal neuronal cell types (photoreceptors, bipolarcells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells), and alsomay include other mature retinal cells such as retinal pigmentepithelial cells and Müller glial cells.

For example, a blood sample can be obtained from a subject, anddifferent retinoid compounds and levels of one or more of the retinoidcompounds in the sample can be separated and analyzed by normal phasehigh pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., with a HP1100 HPLC anda Beckman, Ultrasphere-Si, 4.6 mm×250 mm column using 10% ethylacetate/90% hexane at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/minute). The retinoids canbe detected by, for example, detection at 325 nm using a diode-arraydetector and HP Chemstation A.03.03 software. An excess in retinoids canbe determined, for example, by comparison of the profile of retinoids(i.e., qualitative, e.g., identity of specific compounds, andquantitative, e.g., the level of each specific compound) in the samplewith a sample from a normal subject. Persons skilled in the art who arefamiliar with such assays and techniques and will readily understandthat appropriate controls are included.

As used herein, increased or excessive levels of endogenous retinoid,such as 11-cis-retinol or 11-cis-retinal, refer to levels of endogenousretinoid higher than those found in a healthy eye of a young vertebrateof the same species. Administration of an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound and reduce or eliminate the requirement forendogenous retinoid.

4. In Vivo and In Vitro Methods for Determining TherapeuticEffectiveness of Compounds

In one embodiment, methods are provided for using the compoundsdescribed herein for enhancing or prolonging retinal cell survival,including retinal neuronal cell survival and RPE cell survival. Alsoprovided herein are methods for inhibiting or preventing degeneration ofa retinal cell, including a retinal neuronal cell (e.g. a photoreceptorcell, an amacrine cell, a horizontal cell, a bipolar cell, and aganglion cell) and other mature retinal cells such as retinal pigmentepithelial cells and Müller glial cells using the compounds describedherein. Such methods comprise, in certain embodiments, administration ofan alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound as described herein.Such a compound is useful for enhancing retinal cell survival, includingphotoreceptor cell survival and retinal pigment epithelia survival,inhibiting or slowing degeneration of a retinal cell, and thusincreasing retinal cell viability, which can result in slowing orhalting the progression of an ophthalmic disease or disorder or retinalinjury, which are described herein.

The effect of an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound onretinal cell survival (and/or retinal cell degeneration) may bedetermined by using cell culture models, animal models, and othermethods that are described herein and practiced by persons skilled inthe art. By way of example, and not limitation, such methods and assaysinclude those described in Oglivie et al., Exp. Neurol. 161:675-856(2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,840; WO 01/81551; WO 98/12303; U.S. PatentApplication No. 2002/0009713; WO 00/40699; U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,675; U.S.Pat. No. 5,736,516; WO 99/29279; WO 01/83714; WO 01/42784; U.S. Pat. No.6,183,735; U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,624; WO 01/09327; U.S. Pat. No.5,641,750; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0147019; andU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0059148.

Compounds described herein that may be useful for treating an ophthalmicdisease or disorder (including a retinal disease or disorder) mayinhibit, block, impair, or in some manner interfere with one or moresteps in the visual cycle (also called the retinoid cycle herein and inthe art). Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, an alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative may inhibit or block an isomerizationstep in the visual cycle, for example, by inhibiting or blocking afunctional activity of a visual cycle trans-cis isomerase. The compoundsdescribed herein may inhibit, directly or indirectly, isomerization ofall-trans-retinol to 11-cis-retinol. The compounds may bind to, or insome manner interact with, and inhibit the isomerase activity of atleast one isomerase in a retinal cell. Any one of the compoundsdescribed herein may also directly or indirectly inhibit or reduce theactivity of an isomerase that is involved in the visual cycle. Thecompound may block or inhibit the capability of the isomerase to bind toone or more substrates, including but not limited to, anall-trans-retinyl ester substrate or all-trans-retinol. Alternatively,or in addition, the compound may bind to the catalytic site or region ofthe isomerase, thereby inhibiting the capability of the enzyme tocatalyze isomerization of at least one substrate. On the basis ofscientific data to date, an at least one isomerase that catalyzes theisomerization of a substrate during the visual cycle is believed to belocated in the cytoplasm of RPE cells. As discussed herein, each step,enzyme, substrate, intermediate, and product of the visual cycle is notyet elucidated. While a polypeptide called RPE65, which has been foundin the cytoplasm and membrane bound in RPE cells, is hypothesized tohave isomerase activity (and has also been referred to in the art ashaving isomerohydrolase activity) (see, e.g., Moiseyev et al., Proc.Natl. Acad Sci USA 102:12413-18 (2004); Chen et al., Invest. Opthalmol.Vis. Sci. 47:1177-84 (2006)), other persons skilled in the art believethat the RPE65 acts primarily as a chaperone for all-trans-retinylesters (see, e.g., Lamb et al. supra).

Exemplary methods are described herein and practiced by persons skilledin the art for determining the level of enzymatic activity of a visualcycle isomerase in the presence of any one of the compounds describedherein. A compound that decreases isomerase activity may be useful fortreating an ophthalmic disease or disorder. Thus, methods are providedherein for detecting inhibition of isomerase activity comprisingcontacting (i.e., mixing, combining, or in some manner permitting thecompound and isomerase to interact) a biological sample comprising theisomerase and an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounddescribed herein and then determining the level of enzymatic activity ofthe isomerase. A person having skill in the art will appreciate that asa control, the level of activity of the isomerase in the absence of acompound or in the presence of a compound known not to alter theenzymatic activity of the isomerase can be determined and compared tothe level of activity in the presence of the compound. A decrease in thelevel of isomerase activity in the presence of the compound compared tothe level of isomerase activity in the absence of the compound indicatesthat the compound may be useful for treating an ophthalmic disease ordisorder, such as age-related macular degeneration or Stargardt'sdisease. A decrease in the level of isomerase activity in the presenceof the compound compared to the level of isomerase activity in theabsence of the compound indicates that the compound may also be usefulin the methods described herein for inhibiting or preventing darkadaptation, inhibiting neovascularization and reducing hypoxia and thususeful for treating an ophthalmic disease or disorder, for example,diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, retinal blood vesselocclusion, retinopathy of prematurity, or ischemia reperfusion relatedretinal injury.

The capability of an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound describedherein to inhibit or to prevent dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptorcell by inhibiting regeneration of rhodopsin may be determined by invitro assays and/or in vivo animal models. By way of example, inhibitionof regeneration may be determined in a mouse model in which adiabetes-like condition is induced chemically or in a diabetic mousemodel (see, e.g., Phipps et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:3187-94(2006); Ramsey et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci 47:5116-24 (2006)).The level of rhodopsin (a first level) may be determined (for example,spectrophotometrically) in the retina of animals prior to administrationof the agent and compared with the level (a second level) of rhodopsinmeasured in the retina of animals after administration of the agent. Adecrease in the second level of rhodopsin compared with the first levelof rhodopsin indicates that the agent inhibits regeneration ofrhodopsin. The appropriate controls and study design to determinewhether regeneration of rhodopsin is inhibited in a statisticallysignificant or biologically significant manner can be readily determinedand implemented by persons skilled in the art.

Methods and techniques for determining or characterizing the effect ofany one of the compounds described herein on dark adaptation andrhodopsin regeneration in rod photoreceptor cells in a mammal, includinga human, may be performed according to procedures described herein andpracticed in the art. For example, detection of a visual stimulus afterexposure to light (i.e., photobleaching) versus time in darkness may bedetermined before administration of the first dose of the compound andat a time after the first dose and/or any subsequent dose. A secondmethod for determining prevention or inhibition of dark adaptation bythe rod photoreceptor cells includes measurement of the amplitude of atleast one, at least two, at least three, or more electroretinogramcomponents, which include, for example, the a-wave and the b-wave. See,for example, Lamb et al., supra; Asi et al., Documenta Opthalmologica79:125-39 (1992).

Inhibiting regeneration of rhodopsin by an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminecompound described herein comprises reducing the level of thechromophore, 11-cis-retinal, that is produced and present in the RPEcell, and consequently reducing the level of 11-cis-retinal that ispresent in the photoreceptor cell. Thus, the compound, when permitted tocontact the retina under suitable conditions and at a time sufficient toprevent dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell and to inhibitregeneration of rhodopsin in the rod photoreceptor cell, effects areduction in the level of 11-cis-retinal in a rod photoreceptor cell(i.e., a statistically significant or biologically significantreduction). That is, the level of 11-cis retinal in a rod photoreceptorcell is greater prior to administration of the compound when comparedwith the level of 11-cis-retinal in the photoreceptor cell after thefirst and/or any subsequent administration of the compound. A firstlevel of 11-cis-retinal may be determined prior to administration of thecompound, and a second level of 11-cis-retinal may be determined afteradministration of a first dose or any subsequent dose to monitor theeffect of the compound. A decrease in the second level compared to thefirst level indicates that the compound inhibits regeneration ofrhodopsin and thus inhibits or prevents dark adaptation of the rodphotoreceptor cells.

An exemplary method for determining or characterizing the capability ofan alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound to reduce retinal hypoxiaincludes measuring the level of retinal oxygenation, for example, byMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to measure changes in oxygen pressure(see, e.g., Luan et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:320-28 (2006)).Methods are also available and routinely practiced in the art todetermine or characterize the capability of compounds described hereinto inhibit degeneration of a retinal cell (see, e.g., Wenzel et al.,Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24:275-306 (2005)).

Animal models may be used to characterize and identify compounds thatmay be used to treat retinal diseases and disorders. A recentlydeveloped animal model may be useful for evaluating treatments formacular degeneration has been described by Ambati et al. (Nat. Med.9:1390-97 (2003); Epub 2003 Oct. 19). This animal model is one of only afew exemplary animal models presently available for evaluating acompound or any molecule for use in treating (including preventing)progression or development of a retinal disease or disorder. Animalmodels in which the ABCR gene, which encodes an ATP-binding cassettetransporter located in the rims of photoreceptor outer segment discs,may be used to evaluate the effect of a compound. Mutations in the ABCRgene are associated with Stargardt's disease, and heterozygous mutationsin ABCR have been associated with AMD. Accordingly, animals have beengenerated with partial or total loss of ABCR function and may used tocharacterize the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compounds described herein.(See, e.g., Mata et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Sci. 42:1685-90 (2001); Wenget al., Cell 98:13-23 (1999); Mata et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA97:7154-49 (2000); US 2003/0032078; U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,300). Otheranimal models include the use of mutant ELOVL4 transgenic mice todetermine lipofuscin accumulation, electrophysiology, and photoreceptordegeneration, or prevention or inhibition thereof (see, e.g., Karan etal., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 102:4164-69 (2005)).

The effect of any one of the compounds described herein may bedetermined in a diabetic retinopathy animal model, such as described inLuan et al. or may be determined in a normal animal model, in which theanimals have been light or dark adapted in the presence and absence ofany one of the compounds described herein. Another exemplary method fordetermining the capability of the agent to reduce retinal hypoxiameasures retinal hypoxia by deposition of a hydroxyprobe (see, e.g., deGooyer et al. (Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:5553-60 (2006)). Such atechnique may be performed in an animal model using Rho⁻/Rho⁻ knockoutmice (see de Gooyer et al., supra) in which at least one compounddescribed herein is administered to group(s) of animals in the presenceand absence of the at least one compound, or may be performed in normal,wildtype animals in which at least one compound described herein isadministered to group(s) of animals in the presence and absence of theat least one compound. Other animal models include models fordetermining photoreceptor function, such as rat models that measureelectroretinographic (ERG) oscillatory potentials (see, e.g., Liu etal., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:5447-52 (2006); Akula et al.,Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48:4351-59 (2007); Liu et al., Invest.Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:2639-47 (2006); Dembinska et al., Invest.Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43:2481-90 (2002); Penn et al., Invest. Opthalmol.Vis. Sci 35:3429-35 (1994); Hancock et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci.45:1002-1008 (2004)).

A method for determining the effect of a compound on isomerase activitymay be performed in vitro as described herein and in the art (Stecher etal., J. Biol. Chem. 274:8577-85 (1999); see also Golczak et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:8162-67 (2005)). Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) microsome membranes isolated from an animal (such as bovine,porcine, human, for example) may serve as the source of the isomerase.The capability of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compoundsto inhibit isomerase may also be determined by an in vivo murineisomerase assay. Brief exposure of the eye to intense light(“photobleaching” of the visual pigment or simply “bleaching”) is knownto photo-isomerize almost all 11-cis-retinal in the retina. The recoveryof 11-cis-retinal after bleaching can be used to estimate the activityof isomerase in vivo (see, e.g., Maeda et al., J. Neurochem. 85:944-956(2003); Van Hooser et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:19173-82, 2002).Electroretinographic (ERG) recording may be performed as previouslydescribed (Haeseleer et al., Nat. Neurosci. 7:1079-87 (2004); Sugitomoet al., J. Toxicol. Sci. 22 Suppl 2:315-25 (1997); Keating et al.,Documenta Opthalmologica 100:77-92 (2000)). See also Deigner et al.,Science, 244: 968-971 (1989); Gollapalli et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta1651: 93-101 (2003); Parish, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA95:14609-13 (1998); Radu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 5928-33(2004).

Cell culture methods, such as the method described herein, are alsouseful for determining the effect of a compound described herein onretinal neuronal cell survival. Exemplary cell culture models aredescribed herein and described in detail in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. US 2005-0059148 and U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. US2004-0147019 (which are incorporated by reference in theirentirety), which are useful for determining the capability of an alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound as described herein to enhanceor prolong survival of neuronal cells, particularly retinal neuronalcells, and of retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibit, prevent,slow, or retard degeneration of an eye, or the retina or retinal cellsthereof, or the RPE, and which compounds are useful for treatingophthalmic diseases and disorders.

The cell culture model comprises a long-term or extended culture ofmature retinal cells, including retinal neuronal cells (e.g.,photoreceptor cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells,and bipolar cells). The cell culture system and methods for producingthe cell culture system provide extended culture of photoreceptor cells.The cell culture system may also comprise retinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells and Müller glial cells.

The retinal cell culture system may also comprise a cell stressor. Theapplication or the presence of the stressor affects the mature retinalcells, including the retinal neuronal cells, in vitro, in a manner thatis useful for studying disease pathology that is observed in a retinaldisease or disorder. The cell culture model provides an in vitroneuronal cell culture system that will be useful in the identificationand biological testing of an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound that is suitable for treatment of neurological diseases ordisorders in general, and for treatment of degenerative diseases of theeye and brain in particular. The ability to maintain primary, invitro-cultured cells from mature retinal tissue, including retinalneurons over an extended period of time in the presence of a stressorenables examination of cell-to-cell interactions, selection and analysisof neuroactive compounds and materials, use of a controlled cell culturesystem for in vitro CNS and ophthalmic tests, and analysis of theeffects on single cells from a consistent retinal cell population.

The cell culture system and the retinal cell stress model comprisecultured mature retinal cells, retinal neurons, and a retinal cellstressor, which may be used for screening and characterizing an alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound that are capable of inducing orstimulating the regeneration of CNS tissue that has been damaged bydisease. The cell culture system provides a mature retinal cell culturethat is a mixture of mature retinal neuronal cells and non-neuronalretinal cells. The cell culture system comprises all the major retinalneuronal cell types (photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells,amacrine cells, and ganglion cells), and may also include other matureretinal cells such as RPE and Müller glial cells. By incorporating thesedifferent types of cells into the in vitro culture system, the systemessentially resembles an “artificial organ” that is more akin to thenatural in vivo state of the retina.

Viability of one or more of the mature retinal cell types that areisolated (harvested) from retinal tissue and plated for tissue culturemay be maintained for an extended period of time, for example, from twoweeks up to six months. Viability of the retinal cells may be determinedaccording to methods described herein and known in the art. Retinalneuronal cells, similar to neuronal cells in general, are not activelydividing cells in vivo and thus cell division of retinal neuronal cellswould not necessarily be indicative of viability. An advantage of thecell culture system is the ability to culture amacrine cells,photoreceptors, and associated ganglion projection neurons and othermature retinal cells for extended periods of time, thereby providing anopportunity to determine the effectiveness of an alkynyl phenyl-linkedamine derivative compound described herein for treatment of retinaldisease.

The biological source of the retinal cells or retinal tissue may bemammalian (e.g., human, non-human primate, ungulate, rodent, canine,porcine, bovine, or other mammalian source), avian, or from othergenera. Retinal cells including retinal neurons from post-natalnon-human primates, post-natal pigs, or post-natal chickens may be used,but any adult or post-natal retinal tissue may be suitable for use inthis retinal cell culture system.

In certain instances, the cell culture system may provide for robustlong-term survival of retinal cells without inclusion of cells derivedfrom or isolated or purified from non-retinal tissue. Such a cellculture system comprises cells isolated solely from the retina of theeye and thus is substantially free of types of cells from other parts orregions of the eye that are separate from the retina, such as theciliary body, iris, choroid, and vitreous. Other cell culture methodsinclude the addition of non-retinal cells, such as ciliary body celland/or stem cells (which may or may not be retinal stem cells) and/oradditional purified glial cells.

The in vitro retinal cell culture systems described herein may serve asphysiological retinal models that can be used to characterize aspects ofthe physiology of the retina. This physiological retinal model may alsobe used as a broader general neurobiology model. A cell stressor may beincluded in the model cell culture system. A cell stressor, which asdescribed herein is a retinal cell stressor, adversely affects theviability or reduces the viability of one or more of the differentretinal cell types, including types of retinal neuronal cells, in thecell culture system. A person skilled in the art would readilyappreciate and understand that as described herein a retinal cell thatexhibits reduced viability means that the length of time that a retinalcell survives in the cell culture system is reduced or decreased(decreased lifespan) and/or that the retinal cell exhibits a decrease,inhibition, or adverse effect of a biological or biochemical function(e.g., decreased or abnormal metabolism; initiation of apoptosis; etc.)compared with a retinal cell cultured in an appropriate control cellsystem (e.g., the cell culture system described herein in the absence ofthe cell stressor). Reduced viability of a retinal cell may be indicatedby cell death; an alteration or change in cell structure or morphology;induction and/or progression of apoptosis; initiation, enhancement,and/or acceleration of retinal neuronal cell neurodegeneration (orneuronal cell injury).

Methods and techniques for determining cell viability are described indetail herein and are those with which skilled artisans are familiar.These methods and techniques for determining cell viability may be usedfor monitoring the health and status of retinal cells in the cellculture system and for determining the capability of the alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described herein to alter(preferably increase, prolong, enhance, improve) retinal cell or retinalpigment epithelial cell viability or retinal cell survival.

The addition of a cell stressor to the cell culture system is useful fordetermining the capability of an alkynyl phenyl-Linked amine derivativecompound to abrogate, inhibit, eliminate, or lessen the effect of thestressor. The retinal cell culture system may include a cell stressorthat is chemical (e.g., A2E, cigarette smoke concentrate); biological(for example, toxin exposure; beta-amyloid; lipopolysaccharides); ornon-chemical, such as a physical stressor, environmental stressor, or amechanical force (e.g., increased pressure or light exposure) (see,e.g., US 2005-0059148).

The retinal cell stressor model system may also include a cell stressorsuch as, but not limited to, a stressor that may be a risk factor in adisease or disorder or that may contribute to the development orprogression of a disease or disorder, including but not limited to,light of varying wavelengths and intensities; A2E; cigarette smokecondensate exposure; oxidative stress (e.g., stress related to thepresence of or exposure to hydrogen peroxide, nitroprusside, Zn++, orFe++); increased pressure (e.g., atmospheric pressure or hydrostaticpressure), glutamate or glutamate agonist (e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA); alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA);kainic acid; quisqualic acid; ibotenic acid; quinolinic acid; aspartate;trans-1-aminocyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD)); amino acids (e.g.,aspartate, L-cysteine; beta-N-methylamine-L-alanine); heavy metals (suchas lead); various toxins (for example, mitochondrial toxins (e.g.malonate, 3-nitroproprionic acid; rotenone, cyanide); MPTP(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), which metabolizes to itsactive, toxic metabolite MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpryidine));6-hydroxydopamine; alpha-synuclein; protein kinase C activators (e.g.,phorbol myristate acetate); biogenic amino stimulants (for example,methamphetamine, MDMA (3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine)); or acombination of one or more stressors. Useful retinal cell stressorsinclude those that mimic a neurodegenerative disease that affects anyone or more of the mature retinal cells described herein. A chronicdisease model is of particular importance because most neurodegenerativediseases are chronic. Through use of this in vitro cell culture system,the earliest events in long-term disease development processes may beidentified because an extended period of time is available for cellularanalysis.

A retinal cell stressor may alter (i.e., increase or decrease in astatistically significant manner) viability of retinal cells such as byaltering survival of retinal cells, including retinal neuronal cells andRPE cells, or by altering neurodegeneration of retinal neuronal cellsand/or RPE cells. Preferably, a retinal cell stressor adversely affectsa retinal neuronal cell or RPE cell such that survival of a retinalneuronal cell or RPE cell is decreased or adversely affected (i.e., thelength of time during which the cells are viable is decreased in thepresence of the stressor) or neurodegeneration (or neuron cell injury)of the cell is increased or enhanced. The stressor may affect only asingle retinal cell type in the retinal cell culture or the stressor mayaffect two, three, four, or more of the different cell types. Forexample, a stressor may alter viability and survival of photoreceptorcells but not affect all the other major cell types (e.g., ganglioncells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, RPE, and Müllerglia). Stressors may shorten the survival time of a retinal cell (invivo or in vitro), increase the rapidity or extent of neurodegenerationof a retinal cell, or in some other manner adversely affect theviability, morphology, maturity, or lifespan of the retinal cell.

The effect of a cell stressor (in the presence and absence of an alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound) on the viability of retinalcells in the cell culture system may be determined for one or more ofthe different retinal cell types. Determination of cell viability mayinclude evaluating structure and/or a function of a retinal cellcontinually at intervals over a length of time or at a particular timepoint after the retinal cell culture is prepared. Viability or long termsurvival of one or more different retinal cell types or one or moredifferent retinal neuronal cell types may be examined according to oneor more biochemical or biological parameters that are indicative ofreduced viability, such as apoptosis or a decrease in a metabolicfunction, prior to observation of a morphological or structuralalteration.

A chemical, biological, or physical cell stressor may reduce viabilityof one or more of the retinal cell types present in the cell culturesystem when the stressor is added to the cell culture under conditionsdescribed herein for maintaining the long-term cell culture.Alternatively, one or more culture conditions may be adjusted so thatthe effect of the stressor on the retinal cells can be more readilyobserved. For example, the concentration or percent of fetal bovineserum may be reduced or eliminated from the cell culture when cells areexposed to a particular cell stressor (see, e.g. US 2005-0059148).Alternatively, retinal cells cultured in media containing serum at aparticular concentration for maintenance of the cells may be abruptlyexposed to media that does not contain any level of serum.

The retinal cell culture may be exposed to a cell stressor for a periodof time that is determined to reduce the viability of one or moreretinal cell types in the retinal cell culture system. The cells may beexposed to a cell stressor immediately upon plating of the retinal cellsafter isolation from retinal tissue. Alternatively, the retinal cellculture may be exposed to a stressor after the culture is established,or any time thereafter. When two or more cell stressors are included inthe retinal cell culture system, each stressor may be added to the cellculture system concurrently and for the same length of time or may beadded separately at different time points for the same length of time orfor differing lengths of time during the culturing of the retinal cellsystem. An alkynyl phenyl-linked amine compound may be added before theretinal cell culture is exposed to a cell stressor, may be addedconcurrently with the cell stressor, or may be added after exposure ofthe retinal cell culture to the stressor.

Photoreceptors may be identified using antibodies that specifically bindto photoreceptor-specific proteins such as opsins, peripherins, and thelike. Photoreceptors in cell culture may also be identified as amorphologic subset of immunocytochemically labeled cells by using apan-neuronal marker or may be identified morphologically in enhancedcontrast images of live cultures. Outer segments can be detectedmorphologically as attachments to photoreceptors.

Retinal cells including photoreceptors can also be detected byfunctional analysis. For example, electrophysiology methods andtechniques may be used for measuring the response of photoreceptors tolight. Photoreceptors exhibit specific kinetics in a graded response tolight. Calcium-sensitive dyes may also be used to detect gradedresponses to light within cultures containing active photoreceptors. Foranalyzing stress-inducing compounds or potential neurotherapeutics,retinal cell cultures can be processed for immunocytochemistry, andphotoreceptors and/or other retinal cells can be counted manually or bycomputer software using photomicroscopy and imaging techniques. Otherimmunoassays known in the art (e.g., ELISA, immunoblotting, flowcytometry) may also be useful for identifying and characterizing theretinal cells and retinal neuronal cells of the cell culture modelsystem described herein.

The retinal cell culture stress models may also be useful foridentification of both direct and indirect pharmacologic agent effectsby the bioactive agent of interest, such as an alkynyl phenyl-linkedamine derivative compound as described herein. For example, a bioactiveagent added to the cell culture system in the presence of one or moreretinal cell stressors may stimulate one cell type in a manner thatenhances or decreases the survival of other cell types. Cell/cellinteractions and cell/extracellular component interactions may beimportant in understanding mechanisms of disease and drug function. Forexample, one neuronal cell type may secrete trophic factors that affectgrowth or survival of another neuronal cell type (see, e.g., WO99/29279).

In another embodiment, an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound is incorporated into screening assays comprising the retinalcell culture stress model system described herein to determine whetherand/or to what level or degree the compound increases or prolongsviability (i.e., increases in a statistically significant orbiologically significant manner) of a plurality of retinal cells. Aperson skilled in the art would readily appreciate and understand thatas described herein a retinal cell that exhibits increased viabilitymeans that the length of time that a retinal cell survives in the cellculture system is increased (increased lifespan) and/or that the retinalcell maintains a biological or biochemical function (normal metabolismand organelle function; lack of apoptosis; etc.) compared with a retinalcell cultured in an appropriate control cell system (e.g., the cellculture system described herein in the absence of the compound).Increased viability of a retinal cell may be indicated by delayed celldeath or a reduced number of dead or dying cells; maintenance ofstructure and/or morphology; lack of or delayed initiation of apoptosis;delay, inhibition, slowed progression, and/or abrogation of retinalneuronal cell neurodegeneration or delaying or abrogating or preventingthe effects of neuronal cell injury. Methods and techniques fordetermining viability of a retinal cell and thus whether a retinal cellexhibits increased viability are described in greater detail herein andare known to persons skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, a method is provided for determining whether analkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound, enhances survival ofphotoreceptor cells. One method comprises contacting a retinal cellculture system as described herein with an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminecompound under conditions and for a time sufficient to permitinteraction between the retinal neuronal cells and the compound.Enhanced survival (prolonged survival) may be measured according tomethods described herein and known in the art, including detectingexpression of rhodopsin.

The capability of an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound toincrease retinal cell viability and/or to enhance, promote, or prolongcell survival (that is, to extend the time period in which retinalcells, including retinal neuronal cells, are viable), and/or impair,inhibit, or impede degeneration as a direct or indirect result of theherein described stress may be determined by any one of several methodsknown to those skilled in the art. For example, changes in cellmorphology in the absence and presence of the compound may be determinedby visual inspection such as by light microscopy, confocal microscopy,or other microscopy methods known in the art. Survival of cells can alsobe determined by counting viable and/or nonviable cells, for instance.Immunochemical or immunohistological techniques (such as fixed cellstaining or flow cytometry) may be used to identify and evaluatecytoskeletal structure (e.g., by using antibodies specific forcytoskeletal proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein,fibronectin, actin, vimentin, tubulin, or the like) or to evaluateexpression of cell markers as described herein. The effect of an alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound on cell integrity, morphology,and/or survival may also be determined by measuring the phosphorylationstate of neuronal cell polypeptides, for example, cytoskeletalpolypeptides (see, e.g., Sharma et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:9600-06(1999); Li et al., J. Neurosci. 20:6055-62 (2000)). Cell survival or,alternatively cell death, may also be determined according to methodsdescribed herein and known in the art for measuring apoptosis (forexample, annexin V binding, DNA fragmentation assays, caspaseactivation, marker analysis, e.g., poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP),etc.).

In the vertebrate eye, for example, a mammalian eye, the formation ofA2E is a light-dependent process and its accumulation leads to a numberof negative effects in the eye. These include destabilization of retinalpigment epithelium (RPE) membranes, sensitization of cells to blue-lightdamage, and impaired degradation of phospholipids. Products of theoxidation of A2E (and A2E related molecules) by molecular oxygen(oxiranes) were shown to induce DNA damage in cultured RPE cells. Allthese factors lead to a gradual decrease in visual acuity and eventuallyto vision loss. If reducing the formation of retinals during visionprocesses were possible, this reduction would lead to decreased amountsof A2E in the eye. Without wishing to be bound by theory, decreasedaccumulation of A2E may reduce or delay degenerative processes in theRPE and retina and thus may slow down or prevent vision loss in dry AMDand Stargardt's Disease.

In another embodiment, methods are provided for treating and/orpreventing degenerative diseases and disorders, includingneurodegenerative retinal diseases and ophthalmic diseases, and retinaldiseases and disorders as described herein. A subject in need of suchtreatment may be a human or non-human primate or other animal who hasdeveloped symptoms of a degenerative retinal disease or who is at riskfor developing a degenerative retinal disease. As described herein amethod is provided for treating (which includes preventing orprophylaxis) an ophthalmic disease or disorder by administrating to asubject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrierand an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound (e.g., a compoundhaving the structure of any one of Formulae (A)-(G) and (I)-(III), andsubstructures thereof.) As described herein, a method is provided forenhancing survival of neuronal cells such as retinal neuronal cells,including photoreceptor cells, and/or inhibiting degeneration of retinalneuronal cells by administering the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed herein comprising an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound.

Enhanced survival (or prolonged or extended survival) of one or moreretinal cell types in the presence of an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound indicates that the compound may be an effectiveagent for treatment of a degenerative disease, particularly a retinaldisease or disorder, and including a neurodegenerative retinal diseaseor disorder. Cell survival and enhanced cell survival may be determinedaccording to methods described herein and known to a skilled artisanincluding viability assays and assays for detecting expression ofretinal cell marker proteins. For determining enhanced survival ofphotoreceptor cells, opsins may be detected, for instance, including theprotein rhodopsin that is expressed by rods.

In another embodiment, the subject is being treated for Stargardt'sdisease or Stargardt's macular degeneration. In Stargardt's disease,which is associated with mutations in the ABCA4 (also called ABCR)transporter, the accumulation of all-trans-retinal has been proposed tobe responsible for the formation of a lipofuscin pigment, A2E, which istoxic towards retinal cells and causes retinal degeneration andconsequently loss of vision.

In yet another embodiment, the subject is being treated for age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMID). In various embodiments, AMD can be wet- ordry-form. In AMD, vision loss primarily occurs when complications latein the disease either cause new blood vessels to grow under the maculaor the macula atrophies. Without intending to be bound by any particulartheory, the accumulation of all-trans-retinal has been proposed to beresponsible for the formation of a lipofuscin pigment,N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) and A2E related molecules,which are toxic towards RPE and retinal cells and cause retinaldegeneration and consequently loss of vision.

A neurodegenerative retinal disease or disorder for which the compoundsand methods described herein may be used for treating, curing,preventing, ameliorating the symptoms of, or slowing, inhibiting, orstopping the progression of, is a disease or disorder that leads to oris characterized by retinal neuronal cell loss, which is the cause ofvisual impairment. Such a disease or disorder includes but is notlimited to age-related macular degeneration (including dry-form andwet-form of macular degeneration) and Stargardt's macular dystrophy.

Age-related macular degeneration as described herein is a disorder thataffects the macula (central region of the retina) and results in thedecline and loss of central vision. Age-related macular degenerationoccurs typically in individuals over the age of 55 years. The etiologyof age-related macular degeneration may include both environmentalinfluences and genetic components (see, e.g., Lyengar et al., Am. J.Hum. Genet. 74:20-39 (2004) (Epub 2003 Dec. 19); Kenealy et al., Mol.Vis. 10:57-61 (2004); Gorin et al., Mol. Vis. 5:29 (1999)). More rarely,macular degeneration occurs in younger individuals, including childrenand infants, and generally, these disorders results from a geneticmutation. Types of juvenile macular degeneration include Stargardt'sdisease (see, e.g., Glazer et al., Opthalmol. Clin. North Am. 15:93-100,viii (2002); Weng et al., Cell 98:13-23 (1999)); Doyne's honeycombretinal dystrophy (see, e.g., Kermani et al., Hum. Genet. 104:77-82(1999)); Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Malattia Levintinese, fundusflavimaculatus, and autosomal dominant hemorrhagic macular dystrophy(see also Seddon et al., Opthalmology 108:2060-67 (2001); Yates et al.,J. Med. Genet. 37:83-7 (2000); Jaakson et al., Hum. Mutat. 22:395-403(2003)). Geographic atrophy of the RPE is an advanced form ofnon-neovascular dry-type age-related macular degeneration, and isassociated with atrophy of the choriocapillaris, RPE, and retina.

Stargardt's macular degeneration, a recessive inherited disease, is aninherited blinding disease of children. The primary pathologic defect inStargardt's disease is also an accumulation of toxic lipofuscin pigmentssuch as A2E in cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Thisaccumulation appears to be responsible for the photoreceptor death andsevere visual loss found in Stargardt's patients. The compoundsdescribed herein may slow the synthesis of 11-cis-retinaldehyde (11cRALor retinal) and regeneration of rhodopsin by inhibiting isomerase in thevisual cycle. Light activation of rhodopsin results in its release ofall-trans-retinal, which constitutes the first reactant in A2Ebiosynthesis. Treatment with alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompounds may inhibit lipofuscin accumulation and thus delay the onsetof visual loss in Stargardt's and AMD patients without toxic effectsthat would preclude treatment with an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound. The compounds described herein may be used foreffective treatment of other forms of retinal or macular degenerationassociated with lipofuscin accumulation.

Administration of an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound toa subject can prevent formation of the lipofuscin pigment, A2E (and A2Erelated molecules), that is toxic towards retinal cells and causesretinal degeneration. In certain embodiments, administration of analkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound can lessen theproduction of waste products, e.g., lipofuscin, pigment, A2E (and A2Erelated molecules), ameliorate the development of AMD (e.g. dry-form)and Stargardt's disease, and reduce or slow vision loss (e.g., choroidalneovascularization and/or chorioretinal atrophy). In previous studies,with 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane® or Isotretinoin), a drug commonlyused for the treatment of acne and an inhibitor of 11-cis-retinoldehydrogenase, has been administered to patients to prevent A2Eaccumulation in the RPE. However, a major drawback in this proposedtreatment is that 13-cis-retinoic acid can easily isomerize toall-trans-retinoic acid. All-trans-retinoic acid is a very potentteratogenic compound that adversely affects cell proliferation anddevelopment. Retinoic acid also accumulates in the liver and may be acontributing factor in liver diseases.

In yet other embodiments, an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound is administered to a subject such as a human with a mutation inthe ABCA4 transporter in the eye. The alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound can also be administered to an aging subject. Asused herein, an aging human subject is typically at least 45, or atleast 50, or at least 60, or at least 65 years old. In Stargardt'sdisease, which is associated with mutations in the ABCA4 transporter,the accumulation of all-trans-retinal has been proposed to beresponsible for the formation of a lipofuscin pigment, A2E (and A2Erelated molecules), that is toxic towards retinal cells and causesretinal degeneration and consequently loss of vision. Without wishing tobe bound by theory, an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounddescribed herein may be a strong inhibitor of an isomerase involved inthe visual cycle. Treating patients with an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound as described herein may prevent or slow theformation of A2E (and A2E related molecules) and can have protectiveproperties for normal vision.

In other certain embodiments, one or more of the compounds describedherein may be used for treating other ophthalmic diseases or disorders,for example, glaucoma, retinal detachment, hemorrhagic retinopathy,retinitis pigmentosa, an inflammatory retinal disease, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, opticalneuropathy, and retinal disorders associated with otherneurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiplesclerosis, Parkinson's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases thataffect brain cells, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection,or other conditions such as AIDS. A retinal disorder also includes lightdamage to the retina that is related to increased light exposure (i.e.,overexposure to light), for example, accidental strong or intense lightexposure during surgery; strong, intense, or prolonged sunlightexposure, such as at a desert or snow covered terrain; during combat,for example, when observing a flare or explosion or from a laser device,and the like. Retinal diseases can be of degenerative ornon-degenerative nature. Non-limiting examples of degenerative retinaldiseases include age-related macular degeneration, and Stargardt'smacular dystrophy. Examples of non-degenerative retinal diseases includebut are not limited hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, opticneuropathy, inflammatory retinal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticmaculopathy, retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity,or ischemia reperfusion related retinal injury, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorderassociated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated withmultiple sclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson'sdisease, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinaldisorder related to light overexposure, and a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS.

In other certain embodiments, at least one of the compounds describedherein may be used for treating, curing, preventing, ameliorating thesymptoms of, or slowing, inhibiting, or stopping the progression of,certain ophthalmic diseases and disorders including but not limited todiabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, diabetic macular edema,retinal ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion related retinal injury, andretinal blood vessel occlusion (including venous occlusion and arterialocclusion).

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in humans and is acomplication of diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy occurs when diabetesdamages blood vessels inside the retina. Non-proliferative retinopathyis a common, usually mild form that generally does not interfere withvision. Abnormalities are limited to the retina, and vision is impairedonly if the macula is involved. If left untreated retinopathy canprogress to proliferative retinopathy, the more serious form of diabeticretinopathy. Proliferative retinopathy occurs when new blood vesselsproliferate in and around the retina. Consequently, bleeding into thevitreous, swelling of the retina, and/or retinal detachment may occur,leading to blindness.

Other ophthalmic diseases and disorders that may be treated using themethods and compositions described herein include diseases, disorders,and conditions that are associated with, exacerbated by, or caused byischemia in the retina. Retinal ischemia includes ischemia of the innerretina and the outer retina. Retinal ischemia can occur from eitherchoroidal or retinal vascular diseases, such as central or branchretinal vision occlusion, collagen vascular diseases andthrombocytopenic purpura. Retinal vasculitis and occlusion is seen withEales disease and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Retinal ischemia may be associated with retinal blood vessel occlusion.In the United States, both branch and central retinal vein occlusionsare the second most common retinal vascular diseases after diabeticretinopathy. About 7% to 10% of patients who have retinal venousocclusive disease in one eye eventually have bilateral disease. Visualfield loss commonly occurs from macular edema, ischemia, or vitreoushemorrhage secondary to disc or retinal neovascularization induced bythe release of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Arteriolosclerosis at sites of retinal arteriovenous crossings (areas inwhich arteries and veins share a common adventitial sheath) causesconstriction of the wall of a retinal vein by a crossing artery. Theconstriction results in thrombus formation and subsequent occlusion ofthe vein. The blocked vein may lead to macular edema and hemorrhagesecondary to breakdown in the blood-retina barrier in the area drainedby the vein, disruption of circulation with turbulence in venous flow,endothelial damage, and ischemia. Clinically, areas of ischemic retinaappear as feathery white patches called cotton-wool spots.

Branch retinal vein occlusions with abundant ischemia cause acutecentral and paracentral visual field loss corresponding to the locationof the involved retinal quadrants. Retinal neovascularization due toischemia may lead to vitreous hemorrhage and subacute or acute visionloss.

Two types of central retinal vein occlusion, ischemic and nonischemic,may occur depending on whether widespread retinal ischemia is present.Even in the nonischemic type, the macula may still be ischemic.Approximately 25% central retinal vein occlusion is ischemic. Diagnosisof central retinal vein occlusion can usually be made on the basis ofcharacteristic opthalmoscopic findings, including retinal hemorrhage inall quadrants, dilated and tortuous veins, and cotton-wool spots.Macular edema and foveal ischemia can lead to vision loss. Extracellularfluid increases interstitial pressure, which may result in areas ofretinal capillary closure (i.e., patchy ischemic retinal whitening) orocclusion of a cilioretinal artery.

Patients with ischemic central retinal vein occlusion are more likely topresent with a sudden onset of vision loss and have visual acuity ofless than 20/200, a relative afferent pupillary defect, abundantintraretinal hemorrhages, and extensive nonperfusion on fluoresceinangiography. The natural history of ischemic central retinal veinocclusion is associated with poor outcomes: eventually, approximatelytwo-thirds of patients who have ischemic central retinal vein occlusionwill have ocular neovascularization and one-third will have neovascularglaucoma. The latter condition is a severe type of glaucoma that maylead to rapid visual field and vision loss, epithelial edema of thecornea with secondary epithelial erosion and predisposition to bacterialkeratitis, severe pain, nausea and vomiting, and, eventually, phthisisbulbi (atrophy of the globe with no light perception).

As used herein, a patient (or subject) may be any mammal, including ahuman, that may have or be afflicted with a neurodegenerative disease orcondition, including an ophthalmic disease or disorder, or that may befree of detectable disease. Accordingly, the treatment may beadministered to a subject who has an existing disease, or the treatmentmay be prophylactic, administered to a subject who is at risk fordeveloping the disease or condition. Treating or treatment refers to anyindicia of success in the treatment or amelioration of an injury,pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parametersuch as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making theinjury, pathology, or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowingin the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point ofdegeneration less debilitating; or improving a subject's physical ormental well-being.

The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective orsubjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination.Accordingly, the term “treating” includes the administration of thecompounds or agents described herein to treat pain, hyperalgesia,allodynia, or nociceptive events and to prevent or delay, to alleviate,or to arrest or inhibit development of the symptoms or conditionsassociated with pain, hyperalgesia, allodynia, nociceptive events, orother disorders. The term “therapeutic effect” refers to the reduction,elimination, or prevention of the disease, symptoms of the disease, orsequelae of the disease in the subject. Treatment also includesrestoring or improving retinal neuronal cell functions (includingphotoreceptor function) in a vertebrate visual system, for example, suchas visual acuity and visual field testing etc., as measured over time(e.g., as measured in weeks or months). Treatment also includesstabilizing disease progression (i.e., slowing, minimizing, or haltingthe progression of an ophthalmic disease and associated symptoms) andminimizing additional degeneration of a vertebrate visual system.Treatment also includes prophylaxis and refers to the administration ofan alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound to a subject toprevent degeneration or further degeneration or deterioration or furtherdeterioration of the vertebrate visual system of the subject and toprevent or inhibit development of the disease and/or related symptomsand sequelae.

Various methods and techniques practiced by a person skilled in themedical and opthalmological arts to determine and evaluate a diseasestate and/or to monitor and assess a therapeutic regimen include, forexample, fluorescein angiogram, fundus photography, indocyanine greendye tracking of the choroidal circulatory system, opthalmoscopy, opticalcoherence tomography (OCT), and visual acuity testing.

A fluorescein angiogram involves injecting a fluorescein dyeintravenously and then observing any leakage of the dye as it circulatesthrough the eye. Intravenous injection of indocyanine green dye may alsobe used to determine if vessels in the eye are compromised, particularlyin the choroidal circulatory system that is just behind the retina.Fundus photography may be used for examining the optic nerve, macula,blood vessels, retina, and the vitreous. Microaneurysms are visiblelesions in diabetic retinopathy that may be detected in digital fundusimages early in the disease (see, e.g. U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2007/0002275). An opthalmoscope may be used to examinethe retina and vitreous. Opthalmoscopy is usually performed with dilatedpupils, to allow the best view inside the eye. Two types ofopthalmoscopes may be used: direct and indirect. The directopthalmoscope is generally used to view the optic nerve and the centralretina. The periphery, or entire retina, may be viewed by using anindirect opthalmoscope. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) produces highresolution, high speed, non-invasive, cross-sectional images of bodytissue. OCT is noninvasive and provides detection of microscopic earlysigns of disruption in tissues.

A subject or patient refers to any vertebrate or mammalian patient orsubject to whom the compositions described herein can be administered.The term “vertebrate” or “mammal” includes humans and non-humanprimates, as well as experimental animals such as rabbits, rats, andmice, and other animals, such as domestic pets (such as cats, dogs,horses), farm animals, and zoo animals. Subjects in need of treatmentusing the methods described herein may be identified according toaccepted screening methods in the medical art that are employed todetermine risk factors or symptoms associated with an ophthalmic diseaseor condition described herein or to determine the status of an existingophthalmic disease or condition in a subject. These and other routinemethods allow the clinician to select patients in need of therapy usingthe methods and formulations described herein.

V. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, an alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound may be administered as a pure chemical. In other embodiments,the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound can be combined witha pharmaceutical carrier (also referred to herein as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient (i.e., a pharmaceutically suitable and acceptablecarrier, diluent, etc., which is a non-toxic, inert material that doesnot interfere with the activity of the active ingredient)) selected onthe basis of a chosen route of administration and standardpharmaceutical practice as described, for example, in Remington: TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy (Gennaro, 21^(st) Ed. Mack Pub. Co.,Easton, Pa. (2005)), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference, in its entirety.

Accordingly, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprisingone or more alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds, or astereoisomer, tautomer, prodrug, pharmaceutically acceptable salt,hydrate, solvate, acid salt hydrate, N-oxide or isomorphic crystallineform thereof, of a compound described herein, together with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers and, optionally, other therapeuticand/or prophylactic ingredients. The carrier(s) (or excipient(s)) isacceptable or suitable if the carrier is compatible with the otheringredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient(i.e., the subject) of the composition. A pharmaceutically acceptable orsuitable composition includes an opthalmologically suitable oracceptable composition.

Thus, another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound havinga structure of Formula (A):

-   as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceutically    acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometric    isomer or prodrug thereof, wherein:-   m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   Z is a bond, —C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—,    or —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R²⁵)(R²⁶)—C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—C(R¹)(R²)—,    —C(R³²)(R³³)—X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—;-   X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —N(R³)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═CH₂)—,    —C(═N—NR³⁵)—, or —C(═N—OR³⁵)—;-   Y is a bond, —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—, or —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—C(R²⁹)(R³⁰)—;-   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² together form    an oxo;-   R²¹, R²², R³² and R³³ are each independently selected from hydrogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, or fluoroalkyl;-   R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form    an oxo; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹ together form a direct    bond to provide a double bond; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹    together form a direct bond, and R²⁴ and an adjacent R² together    form a direct bond to provide a triple bond;-   R²⁵ and R²⁶ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,    C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R²⁵ and R²⁶ together    form an oxo;-   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,    heteroalkyl, alkenyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl or    C-attached heterocyclyl; or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom    to which they are attached, form a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl; or    R³ and R⁴ together form an imino;-   R⁵ is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl,    heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅    alkyl;-   each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different and independently    hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,    heteroaryl, —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R)₂; or    R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are    attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;-   each R⁹ is the same or different and each is independently alkyl,    alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;-   R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,    alkyl, heteroalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl,    —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂ SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R⁹)₂; or R¹² and R¹³    together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an    N-heterocyclyl; and-   each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,    fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶;-   each R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹ and R³¹ are the same or different and    independently hydrogen, alkyl or —OR⁶; and-   R³⁰ and R³⁵ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Various embodiments further provide pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of anyone of Formulae (B)-(G) and (I)-(III):

wherein, the structures are as defined above and herein.

A pharmaceutical composition (e.g., for oral administration or deliveryby injection, or combined devices, or for application as an eye drop)may be in the form of a liquid or solid. A liquid pharmaceuticalcomposition may include, for example, one or more of the following:sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution,preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodiumchloride, fixed oils that may serve as the solvent or suspending medium,polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents;antibacterial agents; antioxidants; chelating agents; buffers and agentsfor the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. Aparenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampules, disposable syringesor multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Physiological saline iscommonly used as an excipient, and an injectable pharmaceuticalcomposition or a composition that is delivered ocularly is preferablysterile.

At least one alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound can beadministered to human or other nonhuman vertebrates. In certainembodiments, the compound is substantially pure, in that it containsless than about 5% or less than about 1%, or less than about 0.1%, ofother organic small molecules, such as contaminating intermediates orby-products that are created, for example, in one or more of the stepsof a synthesis method. In other embodiments, a combination of one ormore alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds can beadministered.

An alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound can be delivered to asubject by any suitable means, including, for example, orally,parenterally, intraocularly, intravenously, intraperitoneally,intranasally (or other delivery methods to the mucous membranes, forexample, of the nose, throat, and bronchial tubes), or by localadministration to the eye, or by an intraocular or periocular device.Modes of local administration can include, for example, eye drops,intraocular injection or periocular injection. Periocular injectiontypically involves injection of the synthetic isomerization inhibitor,i.e., alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound under theconjunctiva or into the Tennon's space (beneath the fibrous tissueoverlying the eye). Intraocular injection typically involves injectionof the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound into thevitreous. In certain embodiments, the administration is non-invasive,such as by eye drops or oral dosage form, or as a combined device.

An alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound can be formulated foradministration using pharmaceutically acceptable (suitable) carriers orvehicles as well as techniques routinely used in the art. Apharmaceutically acceptable or suitable carrier includes anopthalmologically suitable or acceptable carrier. A carrier is selectedaccording to the solubility of the alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound. Suitable opthalmological compositions include thosethat are administrable locally to the eye, such as by eye drops,injection or the like. In the case of eye drops, the formulation canalso optionally include, for example, opthalmologically compatibleagents such as isotonizing agents such as sodium chloride, concentratedglycerin, and the like; buffering agents such as sodium phosphate,sodium acetate, and the like; surfactants such as polyoxyethylenesorbitan mono-oleate (also referred to as Polysorbate 80), polyoxylstearate 40, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, and the like;stabilization agents such as sodium citrate, sodium edentate, and thelike; preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride, parabens, and thelike; and other ingredients. Preservatives can be employed, for example,at a level of from about 0.001 to about 1.0% weight/volume. The pH ofthe formulation is usually within the range acceptable to opthalmologicformulations, such as within the range of about pH 4 to 8, or pH 5 to 7,or pH 6 to 7, or pH 4 to 7, or pH 5 to 8, or pH 6 to 8, or pH 4 to 6, orpH5 to 6, or pH 7 to 8.

For injection, the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound canbe provided in an injection grade saline solution, in the form of aninjectable liposome solution, slow-release polymer system or the like.Intraocular and periocular injections are known to those skilled in theart and are described in numerous publications including, for example,Spaeth, Ed., Ophthalmic Surgery: Principles of Practice, W. B. SandersCo., Philadelphia, Pa., 85-87, 1990.

For delivery of a composition comprising at least one of the compoundsdescribed herein via a mucosal route, which includes delivery to thenasal passages, throat, and airways, the composition may be delivered inthe form of an aerosol. The compound may be in a liquid or powder formfor intramucosal delivery. For example, the composition may deliveredvia a pressurized aerosol container with a suitable propellant, such asa hydrocarbon propellant (e.g., propane, butane, isobutene). Thecomposition may be delivered via a non-pressurized delivery system suchas a nebulizer or atomizer.

Suitable oral dosage forms include, for example, tablets, pills,sachets, or capsules of hard or soft gelatin, methylcellulose or ofanother suitable material easily dissolved in the digestive tract.Suitable nontoxic solid carriers can be used which include, for example,pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate,sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesiumcarbonate, and the like. (See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practiceof Pharmacy (Gennaro, 21^(st) Ed. Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa. (2005)).

The alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described hereinmay be formulated for sustained or slow-release. Such compositions maygenerally be prepared using well known technology and administered by,for example, oral, periocular, intraocular, rectal or subcutaneousimplantation, or by implantation at the desired target site.Sustained-release formulations may contain an agent dispersed in acarrier matrix and/or contained within a reservoir surrounded by a ratecontrolling membrane. Excipients for use within such formulations arebiocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulationprovides a relatively constant level of active component release. Theamount of active compound contained within a sustained-releaseformulation depends upon the site of implantation, the rate and expectedduration of release, and the nature of the condition to be treated orprevented.

Systemic drug absorption of a drug or composition administered via anocular route is known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Lee etal., Int. J. Pharm. 233:1-18 (2002)). In one embodiment, an alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compound is delivered by a topical oculardelivery method (see, e.g., Curr. Drug Metab. 4:213-22 (2003)). Thecomposition may be in the form of an eye drop, salve, or ointment or thelike, such as, aqueous eye drops, aqueous ophthalmic suspensions,non-aqueous eye drops, and non-aqueous ophthalmic suspensions, gels,ophthalmic ointments, etc. For preparing a gel, for example,carboxyvinyl polymer, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylene maleic anhydride polymer and the like can be used.

The dose of the composition comprising at least one of the alkynylphenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described herein may differ,depending upon the patient's (e.g. human) condition, that is, stage ofthe disease, general health status, age, and other factors that a personskilled in the medical art will use to determine dose. When thecomposition is used as eye drops, for example, one to several drops perunit dose, preferably 1 or 2 drops (about 50 μl per 1 drop), may beapplied about 1 to about 6 times daily.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in a manner appropriateto the disease to be treated (or prevented) as determined by personsskilled in the medical arts. An appropriate dose and a suitable durationand frequency of administration will be determined by such factors asthe condition of the patient, the type and severity of the patient'sdisease, the particular form of the active ingredient, and the method ofadministration. In general, an appropriate dose and treatment regimenprovides the composition(s) in an amount sufficient to providetherapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit (e.g., an improved clinicaloutcome, such as more frequent complete or partial remissions, or longerdisease-free and/or overall survival, or a lessening of symptomseverity). For prophylactic use, a dose should be sufficient to prevent,delay the onset of, or diminish the severity of a disease associatedwith neurodegeneration of retinal neuronal cells and/or degeneration ofother mature retinal cells such as RPE cells. Optimal doses maygenerally be determined using experimental models and/or clinicaltrials. The optimal dose may depend upon the body mass, weight, or bloodvolume of the patient.

The doses of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds can besuitably selected depending on the clinical status, condition and age ofthe subject, dosage form and the like. In the case of eye drops, analkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compound can be administered, forexample, from about 0.01 mg, about 0.1 mg, or about 1 mg, to about 25mg, to about 50 mg, to about 90 mg per single dose. Eye drops can beadministered one or more times per day, as needed. In the case ofinjections, suitable doses can be, for example, about 0.0001 mg, about0.001 mg, about 0.01 mg, or about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg, to about 25 mg,to about 50 mg, or to about 90 mg of the alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound, one to seven times per week. In other embodiments,about 1.0 to about 30 mg of the alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound can be administered one to seven times per week.

Oral doses can typically range from 1.0 to 1000 mg, one to four times,or more, per day. An exemplary dosing range for oral administration isfrom 10 to 250 mg one to three times per day. If the composition is aliquid formulation, the composition comprises at least 0.1% activecompound at particular mass or weight (e.g., from 1.0 to 1000 mg) perunit volume of carrier, for example, from about 2% to about 60%.

In certain embodiments, at least one alkynyl phenyl-linked aminecompound described herein may be administered under conditions and at atime that inhibits or prevents dark adaptation of rod photoreceptorcells. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered to a subjectat least 30 minutes (half hour), 60 minutes (one hour), 90 minutes (1.5hour), or 120 minutes (2 hours) prior to sleeping. In certainembodiments, the compound may be administered at night before thesubject sleeps. In other embodiments, a light stimulus may be blocked orremoved during the day or under normal light conditions by placing thesubject in an environment in which light is removed, such as placing thesubject in a darkened room or by applying an eye mask over the eyes ofthe subject. When the light stimulus is removed in such a manner or byother means contemplated in the art, the agent may be administered priorto sleeping.

The doses of the compounds that may be administered to prevent orinhibit dark adaptation of a rod photoreceptor cell can be suitablyselected depending on the clinical status, condition and age of thesubject, dosage form and the like. In the case of eye drops, thecompound (or the composition comprising the compound) can beadministered, for example, from about 0.01 mg, about 0.1 mg, or about 1mg, to about 25 mg, to about 50 mg, to about 90 mg per single dose. Inthe case of injections, suitable doses can be, for example, about 0.0001mg, about 0.001 mg, about 0.01 mg, or about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg, toabout 25 mg, to about 50 mg, or to about 90 mg of the compound,administered any number of days between one to seven days per week priorto sleeping or prior to removing the subject from all light sources. Incertain other embodiments, for administration of the compound by eyedrops or injection, the dose is between 1-10 mg (compound)/kg (bodyweight of subject) (i.e., for example, 80-800 mg total per dose for asubject weighing 80 kg). In other embodiments, about 1.0 to about 30 mgof compound can be administered one to seven times per week. Oral dosescan typically range from about 1.0 to about 1000 mg, administered anynumber of days between one to seven days per week. An exemplary dosingrange for oral administration is from about 10 to about 800 mg once perday prior to sleeping. In other embodiments, the composition may bedelivered by intravitreal administration.

Also provided are methods of manufacturing the compounds andpharmaceutical compositions described herein. A composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier and at least one of thealkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds described herein may beprepared by synthesizing the compound according to any one of themethods described herein or practiced in the art and then formulatingthe compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Formulation ofthe composition will be appropriate and dependent on several factors,including but not limited to, the delivery route, dose, and stability ofthe compound.

Other embodiments and uses will be apparent to one skilled in the art inlight of the present disclosures. The following examples are providedmerely as illustrative of various embodiments and shall not be construedto limit the invention in any way.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

EXAMPLES

Unless otherwise noted, reagents and solvents were used as received fromcommercial suppliers. Anhydrous solvents and oven-dried glassware wereused for synthetic transformations generally considered sensitive tomoisture and/or oxygen. Flash column chromatography and thin layerchromatography (TLC) were performed on silica gel unless otherwisenoted. Proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra wereobtained on a either a Varian VnmrS 400 at 400 MHz for proton and 100MHz for carbon, or on Bruker AMX 500 or 300 spectrometers at 500 or 300MHz for proton and 125 or 75 MHz for carbon, as noted. Spectra are givenin ppm (6) and coupling constants, J, are reported in Hertz. For protonspectra either tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard or thesolvent peak was used as the reference peak. For carbon spectra thesolvent peak was used as the reference. Chiral HPLC Analyses wereobtained using a Chiralpak IA column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μ) with diodearray detection. The flow rate was 1 mL/min.

Analytical HPLC Methods Method 001A

Column: YMC ODA-A (150 mm×4.6 mm×5μ)Flow Rate: 1.2 mL/min

Injection Volume: 10 μL

Column Oven temp: 30° C.

Cell Temp: 40° C. Wavelength: Dual 220 nm & 254 nm Bandwidth: 4 nmMobile Phase:

A: 0.05% TFA In water.

B: 0.05% TFA in Acetonitrile. Run Time: 10 min.

Gradient program.

Time (min) Flow % A % B 0.0 1.2 90 10 5.0 1.2 20 80 7.0 1.2 20 80 7.011.2 90 10 10.0 1.2 90 10

Diluent: Acetonitrile:Water (1:1) 0.05% TFA Method 002A

Column: YMC ODA-A (150 mm×4.6 mm×5μ)Flow Rate: 1.2 mL/min

Injection Volume: 10 μL

Column Oven temp: 30° C.

Cell Temp: 40° C. Wavelength: Dual 220 nm & 254 nm Bandwidth: 4 nmMobile Phase:

A: 0.05% TFA In water.

B: 0.05% TFA in Acetonitrile. Run Time: 10 min.

Gradient program.

Time (min) Flow % A % B 0.0 1.2 100 0 5.0 1.2 50 50 7.0 1.2 50 50 7.011.2 100 0 10.0 1.2 100 0

Diluent: Acetonitrile:Water (1:1) 0.05% TFA Method 003A

Column: YMC ODA-A (150 mm×4.6 mm×5μ)Flow Rate: 1.2 mL/min

Injection Volume: 10 μL

Column Oven temp: 30° C.

Cell Temp: 40° C. Wavelength: Dual 220 nm & 254 nm Bandwidth: 4 nmMobile Phase:

A: 0.05% TFA In water.

B: 0.05% TFA in Acetonitrile. Run Time: 10 min.

Gradient program.

Time (min) Flow % A % B 0.0 1.2 50 50 5.0 1.2 0 100 7.0 1.2 0 100 7.011.2 50 50 10.0 1.2 50 50

Diluent: Acetonitrile:Water (1:1) 0.05% TFA Preparative Methods Method001P

Column: YMC ODA-A (500 mm×30 mm×10μ)Flow Rate: 30 mL/min

Injection Volume: 5 mL

Column Oven temp: Ambient

Wavelength: Dual 220 nm Mobile Phase:

A: 0.05% TFA in water.B: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile

Run Time: 10 min.

Gradient program.

Time (min) Flow % A % B 0.0 30 90 10 5.0 30 90 10 25 30 20 80 35 30 8080Solvents for sample preparation: Methanol, Acetonitrile,Acetonitrile:Methanol (1:1)

Method 003P

Column: YMC ODA-A (500 mm×30 mm×10μ)Flow Rate: 30 mL/min

Injection Volume: 5 mL

Column Oven temp: Ambient

Wavelength: Dual 220 nm Mobile Phase:

A: 0.05% TFA In water.

B: 0.05% TFA in Acetonitrile Run Time: 10 min.

Gradient program.

Time (min) Flow % A % B 0.0 30 50 50 5.0 30 50 50 25 30 100 100 35 30100 100Solvents for sample preparation: Methanol, Acetonitrile,Acetonitrile:Methanol (1:1)

Method 004P

Column: YMC ODA-A (500 mm×30 mm×10μ)Flow Rate: 30 mL/min

Injection Volume: 5 mL

Column Oven temp: Ambient

Wavelength: Dual 220 nm Mobile Phase:

A: water.

B: Acetonitrile Run Time: 10 min.

Gradient program.

Time (min) Flow % A % B 0.0 30 90 10 5.0 30 90 10 25 30 20 80 35 30 8080Solvents for sample preparation: Methanol, Acetonitrile,Acetonitrile:Methanol (1:1)

Example 1 Preparation of1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol was prepared followingthe method shown in Scheme 1:

Step 1: To a stirred solution of 3-(3-bromophenyl)propanoic acid (1)(25.0 g, 109.1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 ml) was added oxalyl chloride (27.7g, 218.3 mmol) followed by DMF (2 drops). The solution was stirred atroom temperature overnight. The resulting mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure to give the crude acid chloride which was usedimmediately in the next reaction.

Step 2: The crude material was dissolved in anhydrous THF (150 ml) andcooled in an ice bath. Ammonia gas was bubbled into the solution for 3-4minutes and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirredovernight. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure.Saturated NaHCO₃ (100 ml) was added to the residue and the mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (2×200 ml). The combined organics were dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give amide 2 as awhite solid. Yield (23.9 g, 96%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.40 (s,1H), 7.35 (dt, J=6.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (br s, 1H), 7.18-7.24 (m, 2H),6.75 (br s, 1H), 2.78 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: To an ice-cold solution of amide 2 (23.85 g, 104.6 mmol) inanhydrous THF (250 ml) was added BH₃.THF (209 ml of a 1.0 M solution inTHF, 209 mmol). The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 18 h. The reaction was quenched by the slow addition of 6 N HCluntil pH 1 was achieved. The solution was then stirred at roomtemperature for 4 h. at which time the pH was adjusted to >10 with theaddition of 50% aqueous NaOH. The solution was extracted with EtOAc(2×250 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, driedover Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crudeamine which was used immediately in the next reaction.

Step 4: Crude 3-(3-bromophenyl)propan-1-amine (ca. 104.6 mmol) wasstirred with ethyl trifluoroacetate (30 ml) overnight. The mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (20% EtOAc-hexanes) gave trifluoroacetamide 3. Yield(21.1 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.43 (s,1H), 7.36 (dt, J=7.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.25 (m, 2H), 3.16 (q, J=6.8 Hz,2H), 2.57 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (quint., J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 5: To a degassed solution ofN-(3-(3-bromophenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (3) (0.930 g, 3mmol) and 3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol (4) (0.670 g, 6 mmol) in triethylamine(4 mL) and DMF (12 mL) was added PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.053 g, 0.075 mmol),tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.046 g, 0.15 mmol), and CuI (0.014 g, 0.075mmol). The resulting mixture was degassed and stirred under argon at 90°C. for 6 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature then concentratedunder reduced pressure and diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and water (70mL). After vigorous shaking, the layers were separated. The organiclayer was treated with charcoal, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flash columnchromatography (7 to 60% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) gaveN-(3-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypentyl)phenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide(5) as a yellow oil. Yield (0.663 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (s, 1H), 7.17-7.28 (m, 4H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 3.16 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.67 (m, 4H),0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 6:N-(3-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypentyl)phenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide(5) (0.660 g, 1.93 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (15 mL), and an aqueoussolution of K₂CO₃ (0.42 g in 3 mL water, 3.0 mmol) was added. Theresulting mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 4 h. After cooling, thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and dilutedwith EtOAc (50 mL) and water (50 mL). After vigorous shaking, the layerswere separated. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flash columnchromatography (72:8:20 to 90:10:0 EtOAc/7 M NH₃ in MeOH/hexanes) gaveExample 1 as a clear oil. Yield (0.421 g, 89%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.15-7.26 (m, 4H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.47(t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.55-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.39 (br s, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.6Hz, 6H).

Example 2 Preparation of 4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a clear oil. Yield (0.103 g, 31%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(s, 1H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 4H), 3.16 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.67 (m, 8H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz,6H).

Step 2: To a solution of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(0.1 g, 0.27 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) was added concentrated NH₄OH (7 mL)and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted twicewith EtOAc. The combined organics were washed with water and brine,dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to giveExample 2 as a clear oil. Yield (0.079 g, 100%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.14-7.26 (m, 4H), 5.12 (s, 1H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 2.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.42-1.63 (m, 12H), 0.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz,6H).

Example 3 Preparation of 5-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol

5-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-ethynylnonan-5-ol with bromide 3 gaveN-(3-(3-(3-butyl-3-hydroxyhept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.346 g, 22%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(br s, 1H), 7.14-7.26 (m, 4H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.47 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.62 (m, 14H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(3-butyl-3-hydroxyhept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 3 as a light yellow oil. Yield (0.219 g, 84%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.17 (m, 3H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 2.56(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.25-1.62 (m, 14H), 0.88 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 4 Preparation of3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(3-Methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-ethynyl-4-methoxyheptane with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a light yellow oil. Yield (0.596 g, 93%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 4H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 3.14-3.20 (m, 2H),2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.64 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 4H),1.34-1.44 (m, 4H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 4 as a clear oil. Yield (0.341 g, 93%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.27-7.18 (m, 4H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.47(t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.56-1.66 (m, 6H), 1.32-1.44 (m, 6H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2Hz, 6H).

Example 5 Preparation of1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol was prepared followingthe method used in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidecontaminated with alkyne dimer. Yield (0.699 g, >100%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J=8.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.21 (m,3H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.17 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.76(quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.48-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 0.90 (t, J=7.6Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by purification by flash chromatography (72:8:20 to 90:10:0EtOAc/7 M NH₃ in MeOH/hexanes) gave Example 5 as a yellow oil. Yield(0.371 g, 76%, two steps): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24 (t, J=8 Hz,1H), 7.14-7.18 (m, 3H), 5.29 (br s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.47(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.41-1.62 (m, 6H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.34 (br s, 2H),0.90 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 6 Preparation of1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,5-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,5-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the described used in Example 2.

Step 1: Coupling of 3,5-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 followingthe method described in Example 2 (except that the alkynol was addedafter degassing) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.287 g, 40%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.41(br s, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.20 (m, 3H), 5.25 (s, 1H),3.16 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.90-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.76(quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.53 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz,6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the method of Example 2 except that the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight gave Example 6 as a clear oil.Yield (0.141 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.14-7.27 (m, 4H),5.25 (s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.93(quint, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H),1.42 (s, 3H), 1.35 (br s, 2H), 0.97 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 6H).

Example 7 Preparation of4-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol

4-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 2.

Step 1: Coupling of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol with bromide 3 in THF withoutthe use of tri-o-tolylphosphine gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide.Yield (0.5 g, 81%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br s, 1H),7.17-7.28 (m, 4H), 3.16 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76(quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by purification by flash chromatography (72:8:20 to 90:10:0EtOAc/7 M NH₃ in MeOH/hexanes gradient) gave Example 7 as a light yellowoil. Yield (0.212 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.14-7.26 (m,4H), 5.41 (br s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.50 (m, 2H),1.55-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 6H), 1.36 (br s, 2H).

Example 8 Preparation of 1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol was prepared following themethod described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of hex-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide asa brown oil. Yield (0.271 g, 26%).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 8 as a tan solid. Yield (0.086 g, 45%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.16-7.26 (m, 4H), 5.36 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (dt, J=6.4,5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.49 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.64 (m,8H), 0.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 9 Preparation of3-(3-(3-Methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(3-Methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-methoxyprop-1-yne with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-propyl)acetamideas a light yellow oil. Yield (0.193 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.21-7.31 (m, 4H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.16 (q,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 9 as a clear oil. Yield (0.069 g, 54%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.19-7.28 (m, 4H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 2.57 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.36 (br s, 2H).

Example 10 Preparation of 3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol

3-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of prop-2-yn-1-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide asa light yellow oil. Yield (0.148 g, 26%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.41 (br s, 1H), 7.19-7.29 (m, 4H), 5.28 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (q,J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 10 as a clear oil. Yield (0.073 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.17-7.27 (m, 4H), 5.28 (br s, 1H), 4.27 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H),2.59 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.63 (m, 4H).

Example 11 Preparation of1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

1-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynylcyclohexanol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.205 g, >100%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(br s, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.24 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 1H),3.16 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.15-1.83 (m, 12H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 11 as a light yellow solid. Yield (0.13 g, 87%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.14-7.26 (m, 4H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz,2H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 1.15-1.83 (m, 14H).

Example 12 Preparation of1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol wasprepared following the method described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide3 gaveN-(3-(3-(3-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.15 g, 67%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(br s, 1H), 7.27 (t, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.21 (m, 3H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 3.18(q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.15 (br s, 18H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(3-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidefollowing the procedure described in Example 7, except that the productwas purified by flash chromatography (10% 7 M NH₃ in MeOH-EtOAc), gaveExample 12 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.102 g, 90%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.16-7.27 (m, 4H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 2.57 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.47(t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.56 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (br s, 2H), 1.14 (s,18H).

Example 13 Preparation of1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol

1-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol wasprepared following the method described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol withbromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a light brown foam. Yield (0.192 g, 84%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.23 (m, 3H), 4.92 (s,1H), 3.18 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 1.22-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.14 (s, 6H), 1.04 (s, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidewas conducted following the procedure described in Example 7, exceptthat the product was purified by flash chromatography (10% 7 M NH₃ inMeOH-EtOAc). Example 13 was isolated as a white solid. Yield (0.016 g,73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.15-7.27 (m, 4H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 2.57(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.26-1.66 (m, 10H), 1.14 (s,6H), 1.04 (s, 6H).

Example 14 Preparation of (S)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol

(S)-1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol was prepared following themethod shown in Scheme 2

Step 1: An oven-dried flask was charged withN-(3-(3-bromophenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (3) (0.507 g, 1.63mmol), (R)-octyn-3-ol (6) (0.33 mL, 2.26 mmol), CuI (0.0090 g, 0.047mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.0430 g, 0.06 mmol), diisopropylamine (0.34 mL,2.4 mmol) and anhydrous dioxane (2 mL). The flask was alternately placedunder vacuum then argon three times. P(^(t)Bu)₃ (0.1 mL, 1.0 M solutionin dioxane, 0.1 mmol) was added, and the flask placed under vacuum thenargon again. The mixture was heated at 45° C. under argon for 17 h. Thereaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, filtered through a small pad ofCelite and silica gel, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash column chromatography (20 to 80% EtOAc-hexanesgradient) gave alkyne 7 as a brown oil (0.215 g, 37%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.18-7.28 (m, 4H), 5.37 (d, J=5.7, 1H), 4.39(dt, J=6.4, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H),1.76 (quint, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.45 (m, 2H),1.24-1.30 (m, 4H), 0.85 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Alkyne 7 (0.206 g, 0.58 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (15 mL). H₂O(1.5 mL) and K₂CO₃ (0.200 g, 1.45 mmol) were added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in˜10% MeOH-EtOAc, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered through a cotton plug thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (90 to 100% EtOAc-hexanes; then 10% 7 M NH₃ inMeOH-EtOAc) gave Example 14 as a light yellow oil (0.154 g, quant.). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.16-7.26 (m, 4H), 4.49 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H),2.61-2.67 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.39 (m,4H), 0.93 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). ESI MS m/z 242.27 [M+H—₂O]⁺.

Example 15 Preparation of (R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol

(R)-1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 14.

Step 1: Coupling of (R)-oct-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 gave(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxyoct-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.292 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(br s, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 3H), 5.36 (d, J=5.6Hz, 1H), 4.40 (q, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 1.76 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.16-1.65 (m, 8H), 0.86 (m, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxyoct-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the procedure described in Example 2 except the product waspurified by flash chromatography (72:8:20 to 90:10:0 EtOAc/7 M NH₃ inMeOH/hexanes gradient) gave Example 15 as a light yellow oil. Yield(0.119 g, 56%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.16-7.27 (m, 4H), 5.36 (d,J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (dt, J=5.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),2.47 (t obs, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.55-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.43 (m, 8H), 0.86(t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 16 Preparation of(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-ynol

(R)-3-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-ynol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 15.

Step 1: Coupling of N-(3-(3-bromophenyl)propyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide(3) with (S)-3-phenylpropyn-3-ol gave(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a brown oil (0.202 g; contaminated with alkyne dimer). The productwas used in the next synthetic step without purification.

Step 2: Deprotection of(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideand purification by flash chromatography gave Example 16 as a yellowoil. Yield (0.079 g, 53%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.56-7.59 (m, 2H),7.37 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dt,J=7.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (s, 1H), 2.59-2.65 (m, 4H), 1.75 (quint, J=7.6Hz, 2H). ESI MS m/z 266.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 17 Preparation of3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-((2,6-Dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 3:

Step 1: To a degassed solution of 3-(3-bromophenyl)propan-1-ol (8) (0.95g, 4.5 mmol) and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (9) (1.6 mL, 16 mmol) intriethylamine (25 mL) was added PdCl₂(PPh₃)₃ (0.095 g, 0.14 mmol) andCuI (0.027 g, 0.14 mmol). The resulting mixture was degassed and stirredunder argon at 70° C. for 15 h. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure and diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The solution wasfiltered through filter paper, washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash chromatography (10 to 100% EtOAc-hexanes gradient)gave 4-(3-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol (10) as a lightbrown oil: Yield (0.78 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.29-7.18(m, 4H), 5.46 (s, 1H), 4.48 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 2H),2.59 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 6H).

Step 2: To a solution of4-(3-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol (10) (0.750 g, 3.4mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was added powdered KOH (0.390 g, 7 mmol). Theresulting mixture was heated to reflux for 45 min, concentrated underreduced pressure to 10-15 mL and diluted with EtOAc (100 mL). Thesolution was washed with water (2×100 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried overMgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography gave 3-(3-ethynylphenyl)propan-1-ol (11) as a light brownoil. Yield (0.272 g, 49%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.32 (m,4H), 4.49 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.39 (dt, J=6.4, 5.6 Hz, 2H),2.60 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.73 (m, 2H).

Step 3: To a degassed solution of 3-(3-ethynylphenyl)propan-1-ol (11)(0.270 g, 1.7 mmol) and 2-iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene (0.392 g, 1.7 mmol)in triethylamine (10 mL) was added PdCl₂(PPh₃)₃ (0.036 g, 0.05 mmol) andCuI (0.010 g, 0.05 mmol). The resulting mixture was degassed and stirredunder argon at 70° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure and diluted with EtOAc (30 mL). The solution wasfiltered through filter paper, washed with water (2×20 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (7 to 60% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) gave(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol (12) as a light brownoil. Yield (0.085 g, 19%). This material was taken on to the nextsynthetic step without further purification.

Step 4: Triphenylphosphine (0.087 g, 0.33 mmol), phthalimide (0.0.49 g,0.33 mmol) and (3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol (12)(0.085 g, 0.32 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous THF (3 mL) under argon,and the solution was cooled over an ice bath. Diethyl azodicarboxylate(0.052 mL, 0.33 mmol) was added dropwise with rapid stirring, and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. Thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified byflash chromatography (6 to 60% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to yield2-(3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione(13) as a white solid. Yield (0.095 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.82-7.89 (m, 4H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.13-7.35 (m, 6H), 3.63 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.67 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (s, 6H), 1.90-1.97 (m, 2H).

Step 5: A solution of2-(3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione(13) (0.094 g, 0.24 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.038 g, 0.75 mmol) indry EtOH (5 mL) was heated under reflux for 3 h. Additional hydrazinehydrate (0.038 g, 0.75 mmol) was added and heating continued for afurther 4 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was sonicated in a mixture of hexanes and aqueous Na₂SO₄. Themixture was filtered through Celite and washed with hexanes. The organiclayer was concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (10:1:9 EtOAc/7 M NH₃ in MeOH/hexanes) gave3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine as a colorlessoil. Yield (0.015 g, 25%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.32-7.39 (m,3H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.22 (m, 3H), 2.65 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (s, 6H), 1.61-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.40 (br s, 2H).

Example 18 Preparation of4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was prepared followingthe method shown in Scheme 4:

Step 1: To a solution of 3-bromophenol (14) (36.38 g, 210.3 mmol) inacetone (175 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (0.033 g, 237 mmol) and 2-bromoethanol(20 ml, 283.3 mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 d underargon then cooled to room temperature. The solids were removed byfiltration and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was dissolved in diethyl ether (150 ml) and washed with water(100 ml), aqueous NaOH (10%, 100 ml, 3×50 mL, 5%, 200 ml), water (100ml), and brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressureto give 2-(3-bromophenoxy)ethanol (15) as light brown oil. Yield (21.07g, 46%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.14 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.12 (m,2H), 6.85 (ddd, J=7.8, 2.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 2H),2.11 (t, J=12.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: To an ice-cold mixture of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)ethanol (15) (16.06g, 74.0 mmol) and triethylamine (9.12 g, 90.13 ml) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂(120 ml) under argon was slowly added neat methanesulfonyl chloride (6ml, 77.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred at 0° C. for 15 min. Aprecipitate formed after the addition was complete. The mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved inEtOAc, washed twice with water, once with brine, dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure. 2-(3-Bromophenoxy)ethylmethanesulfonate (16) was isolated as a brown oil and used in the nextsynthetic step without further purification. Yield (21.32 g, 98%): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.07(m, 1H), 6.39 (ddd, J=7.6, 2.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (m, 2H), 4.22 (m, 2H),3.08 (s, 3H).

Step 3: To a solution of mesylate 16 (24.05 g, 81.5 mmol) in anhydrousDMF (160 ml) was added potassium phthalimide (15.53 g, 83.8 mmol) andthe reaction mixture stirred at 60° C. for 14 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was diluted with hexanes-EtOAc (7:1, 150 ml) and water (150 ml)and the mixture shaken in separating funnel. A precipitate formed whichwas removed by filtration, washed excessively with water and hexane,then dried under vacuum to give N-(2-(3-bromophenoxy)ethyl)phthalimide(17) as white fluffy crystals (22.05 g, 78%). The organic layer of thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue wassuspended in 10% EtOAc-hexanes. The solution was washed with water andthe precipitate collected by filtration, washed with water then hexanesand dried under vacuum to give additional phthalimide 17 (5.65 g).Combined yield (21.18 g, 98%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.86 (m, 2H),7.73 (m, 2H), 7.03-7.12 (m, 3H), 6.80 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.5 and 1.4 Hz, 1H),4.21 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

Step 4: To a suspension of phthalimide 17 (22.82 g, 65.9 mmol) inabsolute EtOH (200 ml) was added hydrazine hydrate (6 ml, 123.7 mmol)and the reaction mixture heated to reflux under argon for 1.5 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, solids were removed by filtration and thefiltrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue wasre-suspended in hexane (100 ml) and the mixture was filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure then dried byconcentration from EtOH and then toluene to give amine 18 as a thickyellow oil. Yield (10.63 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06-7.15(m, 3H), 6.84 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H),3.07 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.43 (s, 2H).

Step 5: To a solution of amine 18 (10.63 g, 49.2 mmol) in anhydrous THF(80 ml) was added ethyl trifluoroacetate (12 ml, 100.6 mmol) and thereaction mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in 50%EtOAc-hexanes. The solution was filtered through a layer of a silica geland eluted with 50% EtOAc-hexanes. Concentration under reduced pressuregave bromide 19 as a pale yellow oil which crystallized upon standing toa light yellow solid. Yield (13.69 g, 89%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.16 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.07 (m, 1H), 6.83 (ddd,J=7.6, 2.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (br s, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.78(dt, J=5.5 Hz, 2H).

Step 6: Bromide 19 was coupled with alkynol 20 following the proceduredescribed in Example 1 except that the reaction was run for 20 h to givealkyne 21 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.89 g, 73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.22 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dt, J=7.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J=2.5,1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (br s, 1H), 4.09(t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (dt, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (s, 10H), 1.67-1.73 (m,4H), 1.57-1.61 (m, 4H), 0.98 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 6H)

Step 7: Alkyne 21 was deprotected according to the procedure describedin Example 1, except that the reaction was run with 5 equivalents ofK₂CO₃ at room temperature for 7 h, followed by purification by flashchromatography (9:1 EtOAc:(7 M ammonia in MeOH) to give Example 18trifluoroacetate as a cream-colored solid. Yield (5 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.93 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.91 (m,1H), 6.85-6.86 (m, 1H), 5.13 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.83(t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 1.42-1.60 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.28, 130.47, 124.49, 124.26, 117.34, 115.80,94.78, 83.15, 71.03, 70.26, 44.86, 41.60, 17.96, 15.01. ESI MS m/z276.39 [M+H]⁺, 258.38 [M+H—H₂O]⁺.

Example 19 Preparation of4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 5:

Step 1: To a −78° C. solution of acetonitrile (1.05 mL, 20 mmol) inanhydrous THF (25 mL) under argon, was added lithium diisopropylamide(11 mL of a 2 M solution in THF, 22 mmol) dropwise. The resultingmixture was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min. A solution of3-bromobenzaldehyde (22) (2.78 g, 15 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) wasadded dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature, then concentrated under reduced pressure and diluted withEtOAc (75 mL). The solution was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash chromatography (20 to 100% EtOAc-hexanes gradient)gave 3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile (23) as a light yellowoil. Yield (2.75 g, 81%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (t, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 7.46 (ddd, J=7.6, 2.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H),7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.87-4.92 (m, 1H),2.94-2.80 (m, 2H).

Step 2: To an ice cold solution of3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile (23) (2.70 g, 11.9 mmol) inanhydrous THF (20 mL) under argon was added a solution of LiAlH₄ in THF(11.9 mL of a 2 M solution in THF, 23.8 mmol). The mixture was stirredat 0° C. for 45 min, diluted with ether (50 mL), and quenched with thedropwise addition of saturated aqueous Na₂SO₄ (approximately 2 mL).After drying over MgSO₄, the solution was filtered and concentratedunder reduced pressure to give amine 24 as a light green oil. Yield(2.30 g, 84%.) This material was used in the next step without furtherpurification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.37 (dt, J=7.2,1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 2H), 4.66 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (m, 2H),1.61 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: To a solution of 3-amino-1-(3-bromophenyl)propan-1-ol (24) (2.30g, 10 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added ethyl trifluoroacetate(4.0 mL, 33.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by column chromatography (10 to 70% EtOAc-hexanes gradient)gave N-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (25)as an oil containing 15% of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)acetamide. Yield (1.96 g,60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.33 (s, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.41 (dt, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.32 (m, 2H), 5.46 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),4.55-4.60 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.23 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.82 (m, 2H).

Step 4: Coupling ofN-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (25)(1.95 g, 6 mmol) with 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol (20) following the methoddescribed in Example 15 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(26) as a light brown oil. Yield (0.87 g, 37%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 9.35 (m, 1H), 7.29-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 5.39 (d,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 1H), 4.59 (dt, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (quint,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (quint, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 1.44-1.63 (m, 8H), 0.92 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 5: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(26) following the method described in Example 2 gave Example 19. Yield(0.303 g, 47%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.16-7.32 (m, 4H), 5.13 (s,1H), 4.65 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.64 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.63 (m, 12H), 0.90(t, J=7.6 Hz, 6H).

Alternatively, the following reagents and conditions can be used toprepare Example 19.

Step 1: To a cold (−50° C.) stirred solution of potassium tert-butoxide(1M/THF, 703 mL, 703 mmol) under argon was added CH₃CN (27.73 g, 675.6mmol) via syringe over 5 min and the reaction mixture was stirred at−50° C. for 30 min. Then absolution of 3-bromobenzaldehyde (22) (100 g,540.5 mmol) was added over 5 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for30 min at −50° C. and allowed to warm to room temperature. Aqueous NH₄Cl(25%, 250 μL) was added, the mixture was stirred and layers wereseparated. Organic layer was washed with saturated brine (200 mL), driedover anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, the filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure and the residue was dried in vacuum overnight to givehydroxynitrile 23 as a pale yellow oil. Yield (117.6 g, 96%); ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (ddd, J=7.6, 2.0, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d,J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.94-2.80 (m, 2H).

Step 2: To a solution of 3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile (23)(117.5 g, 519.8 mmol) in anhydrous THF (300 mL) under argonborane-methylsulfide (68 mL, 675.7 mmol) was slowly added over 30 minvia a dropping funnel. The reaction mixture was boiled under reflux for2.5 hr and cooled to room temperature. HCl solution (1.25M in EtOH, 350mL) was slowly added for 30 min and the mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure. Water (400 mL) was added and the pH of the mixture wasthen adjusted to 12 with aqueous NaOH (50% wt). The product wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL), the extract was dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give hydroxyamine 24as a colorless oil. Yield (104 g, 87%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.49(m, 1H), 7.37 (dt, J=7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 2H), 4.66 (t, J=6.8Hz, 1H), 2.61 (m, 2H), 1.61 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: To a cooled (0° C.) solution of3-amino-1-(3-bromophenyl)propan-1-ol (24) (40 g, 173.8 mmol) in MTBE(250 mL) was added ethyl trifluoroacetate (28 mL, 234.7 mmol) over 7 minand the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 50 min.Concentration under reduced pressure gave trifluoroacetamide 25 as acolorless oil. Yield (55.35 g, 98%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.33(s, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dt, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.32(m, 2H), 5.46 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.55-4.60 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.23 (m, 2H),1.75-1.82 (m, 2H).

Step 4: Coupling ofN-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (25)(55.35 g, 169.7 mmol) with 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol (20) (30.13 g, 214.9mmol) following the method described in Example 1 gave crude2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(26) as a brown oil which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. Yield (90.32 g, quant.): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.35(m, 1H), 7.29-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H),5.12 (s, 1H), 4.59 (dt, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.80 (quint, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 1.44-1.63 (m, 8H), 0.92 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 5: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(26) following the method described in Example 14 gave Example 19 afterpurification by column chromatography on a silica gel twice (firstchromatography: EtOAc, then 10% 7N NH₃/MeOH in CH₂Cl₂; second: 8% 7NNH₃/MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Yield (29.97 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.16-7.32 (m, 4H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 4.65 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.64 (m,2H), 1.44-1.63 (m, 12H), 0.90 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 20 Preparation of4-((3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 6:

Step 1: An oven-dried flask under argon was charged withisobutyronitrile (2.15 mL, 24.0 mmol) and anhydrous THF (60 mL) andcooled to −78° C. A solution of lithium diisopropylamide (12 mL of a 2.0M solution in heptane/THF/ethylbenzene, 24 mmol) was added in aliquotsover 20 min then the reaction was stirred for 25 min. 3-Bromobenzylbromide (27) (3.98 g, 15.92 mmol) was added and the cold bath wasremoved. After stirring for an additional 2 h, the reaction was quenchedwith the slow addition of water, then EtOAc was added. The aqueous layerwas partly saturated with sodium chloride. The layers were separated,and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc twice. The combinedorganics were washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give nitrile 28 as an orange oilwhich later solidified (4.16 g, quant. yield). This material was used inthe next synthetic step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.25 (m, 2H), 2.78 (s, 2H), 1.36 (s,6H).

Step 2: To an ice-cold mixture of crude3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (28) (3.0 g, 12.6 mmol) inanhydrous THF (20 mL) was added BH₃-THF (20 mL of a 1M solution in THF,20 mmol) slowly. The reaction was allowed to warm slowly and stirred for19 h. The reaction was quenched with the dropwise addition of 6 M HClthen stirred for 1.5 h. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.The aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether twice then EtOAc wasadded and the mixture was made basic with 5 M aqueous KOH. The layerswere separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc twice. Thecombined organics were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine as a light yellow oil (2.3g). This material was taken on to the next step without furtherpurification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.32-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.30 (t,J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H),2.50 (s, 2H), 2.47 (s, 2H), 0.84 (s, 6H).

Step 3: Crude 3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine (2.3 g) wasdissolved in THF (40 mL). Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.3 g, 10.5 mmol),then triethylamine (2.8 mL, 20.1 mmol) were added and the mixture wasstirred for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure and the product was purified by flash chromatography (0-35%EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to give aryl bromide 29 as a colorless oil.Yield (3.3 g, 77%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.34 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.27 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),4.58 (br s, 1H), 2.98 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (s, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H),0.85 (s, 6H).

Step 4: tert-Butyl 3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropylcarbamate (29)(3.2 g, 9.35 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (55 mL), and a solution ofHCl-EtOAc (˜4.2 M, 20 mL, 84 mmol) was added. The reaction was ventedwith a needle and stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The reactionwas then diluted with hexanes and the white solid was collected on afritted glass funnel. The mother liquor was concentrated under reducedpressure, suspended in ˜5-10% EtOAc-hexanes, and the white solid wascollected and combined with the first batch. The solid was dried in avacuum oven at room temperature overnight to give pure3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine hydrochloride as a whitesolid. Yield (1.52 g): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (br s, 2H), 7.37(dq, J=1.2 and 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=7.7 Hz,1H), 7.08 (dt, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.83-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 2H), 1.09(s, 6H).

Step 5: 3-(3-Bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine hydrochloride (1.52g, 5.45 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (50 mL). Et₃N (1.5 mL,10.76 mmol) was added slowly to produce a white slurry. Ethyltrifluoroacetate (2 mL, 16.8 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirredat room temp for 15.5 h. Additional ethyl trifluoroacetate (˜0.75 mL,6.2 mmol) and triethylamine (0.75 mL, 5.4 mmol) were added and themixture was stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure. The product was taken up in EtOAc and the solution waswashed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×) and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄and concentrated under reduced pressure to giveN-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (30)as a yellow oil. Yield (1.84 g, 58% yield for two steps): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.39 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 7.17 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dt, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (br s,1H), 3.24 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (s, 2H), 0.93 (s, 6H).

Step 6:N-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (30)(0.489 g, 1.45 mmol) was coupled with 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol (20) (0.28 g,2.0 mmol) following the method described in Example 15 and the productwas purified by flash chromatography (0 to 50% EtOAc-hexanes gradient)to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)acetamide(31) as a yellow oil. Yield (0.350 g, 61%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ7.20-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.12-7.15 (m, 1H), 3.19 (s, 2H), 2.54 (s, 2H),1.58-1.71 (m, 8H), 0.98 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 0.85 (s, 6H).

Step 7: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)acetamide(31) (0.345 g, 0.87 mmol) was conducted following the method describedin Example 1 and the product was purified by flash chromatography (90 to100% EtOAc-hexanes then 10% 3.5 M NH₃ in MeOH-EtOAc) to give Example 20as an oil along with recovered starting material. Yield (0.0847 g, 32%yield): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.19-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.11-7.13 (m, 1H),2.53 (s, 2H), 2.44 (s, 2H), 1.56-1.72 (m, 8H), 0.98 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H),0.85 (s, 6H).

Example 21 Preparation of1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas an amber oil. Yield (0.98 g, 89%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ7.15-7.25 (m, 4H), 3.27-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.62 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.90(m, 3H), 1.50 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 21 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.456 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 7.15-7.25 (m, 4H), 2.60-2.65 (m, 4H), 1.85 (quint, J=6.8 Hz,1H), 1.72-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 22 Preparation of4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol

1-((4-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.41 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (m,2H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.36 (m, 2H), 7.26 (m, 4H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 3.16 (m,2H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 22 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.122 g, 27% for two steps): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.28(m, 7H), 6.16 (br s, 1H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 3H),1.56-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.34 (br s, 2H).

Example 23 Preparation of1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil contaminated with alkyne dimer which was used withoutpurification in the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br s,1H), 7.18-7.29 (m, 4H), 5.37 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),3.16 (dt, J=6.8, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.81 (m, 3H),0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 23 as a yellow oil. Yield (10.174 g, 47%, two steps): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.15-7.27 (m, 4H), 4.29 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.63(m, 4H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 2H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 24 Preparation of1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol

1-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol was prepared followingthe method used in Example 7.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynylcyclopentanol with bromide 3 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil which was used without purification in the next step: ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.15-7.25 (m, 4H), 3.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.62(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.97-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.91 (m, 8H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 24 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.478 g, 62% for two steps): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.14-7.34 (m, 4H), 2.59-2.64 (m, 4H), 1.97-2.00(m, 4H), 1.71-1.87 (m, 6H).

Example 25 Preparation of1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3 in a1:1 mixture of DMF and triethylamine gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas an orange oil. Yield (0.84 g, 73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ7.15-7.25 (m, 4H), 3.29 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 1.86(quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.09 (br s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 25 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.493 g, 83%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.15-7.24 (m, 4H), 2.60-2.65 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.49(s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H).

Example 26 Preparation of(S)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol

(S)-3-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of (R)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol with bromide 3 gave(S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas an amber oil. Yield (0.73 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.57-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.40 (m, 7H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 3.26-3.29 (m, 2H),2.62 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 2H)

Step 2: Deprotection of(S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 26 as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.239 g, 30%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.56-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.39 (m, 8H), 5.60 (s, 1H),2.58-2.62 (m, 4H), 1.69-1.77 (m, 2H).

Example 27 Preparation of1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 18. Step 1: Coupling of3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 19 following the method described inExample 18 except that the reaction was run for 20 h, gaveN-(2-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.52 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dt, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=2.5, 1.4 Hz,1H), 6.89 (br s, 1H), 6.85 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=5.1Hz, 2H), 3.76 (dt, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (s, 1H), 1.76 (m, 4H), 1.09 (t,J=7.4 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(2-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 27 as an oil which solidified upon standing. Yield (0.243g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90-6.94(m, 2H), 6.86-6.88 (m, 1H), 5.13 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H),2.83 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.54-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.47 (br s, 2H), 0.97 (t,J=7.4 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.28, 130.47, 124.48,124.29, 117.37, 115.86, 94.28, 83.34, 71.22, 71.04, 41.60, 34.71, 9.40.ESI MS m/z 248.35 [M+H]⁺, 230.32 [M+H—H₂O]⁺.

Example 28 Preparation of1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 19following the method described in Example 18 except that the reactionwas run for 20 h, gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas an oil which solidified upon standing. Yield (0.94 g, 46%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dt, J=7.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H),6.95 (dd, J=2.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70(br s, 1H), 4.10 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (dt, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (m,2H), 1.80 (s, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H), 1.05 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 28 as a white solid. Yield (0.529 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.90-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.88 (m, 1H),4.83 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 1.86(m, 2H), 1.47 (br s, 2H), 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 0.93 (d, J=6.7 Hz,6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.29, 130.48, 124.58, 124.32,117.46, 115.72, 92.60, 84.54, 76.74, 71.04, 41.62, 34.95, 18.98, 17.21.ESI MS m/z 276.39 [M+H]⁺, 258.37 [M+H—H₂O]⁺.

Example 29 Preparation of 5-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol

5-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 18.

Step 1: Coupling of 5-ethynylnonan-5-ol with bromide 19 following themethod described in Example 18 except that the reaction was run for 18h, gaveN-(2-(3-(3-butyl-3-hydroxyhept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide.Yield (1.06 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.06 (dt, J=7.6 and 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=2.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86(ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (br s, 1H), 4.10 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H),3.79 (dt, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 1.70-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.58 (m,4H), 1.34-1.43 (m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(2-(3-(3-butyl-3-hydroxyhept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 29 as an oil which solidified upon standing. Yield (0.695g, 92%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.93(m, 1H), 6.90-6.91 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.86 (m, 1H), 5.13 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (t,J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 1.52-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.49 (m,4H), 1.25-1.34 (m, 4H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 159.28, 130.49, 124.50, 124.26, 117.35, 115.76, 94.87, 83.08,71.03, 70.27, 42.19, 41.60, 26.85, 23.15, 14.74. ESI MS m/z 304.42[M+H]⁺, 286.42 [M+H—H₂O]⁺.

Example 30 Preparation of4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol

4-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 18.

Step 1: Coupling of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol with bromide 3 following themethod described in Example 18 except that the reaction was run for 19h, gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide.Yield (0.667 g, 70%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),7.06 (dt, J=7.6 and 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=2.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86(ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (br s, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H),3.80 (dt, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 1.61 (s, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 30 as a white solid. Yield (0.240 g, 52%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.88 (m, 1H),5.43 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 1.45(br s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.27, 130.45,124.38, 124.20, 117.21, 116.00, 96.57, 80.99, 71.03, 64.27, 41.59,32.28. ESI MS m/z 220.31 [M+H]⁺, 202.28 [M+H—H₂O]⁺; HPLC (Method A)t_(R)=2.79 min.

Example 31 Preparation of1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol

1-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol was prepared followingthe method described in Example 18.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynylcyclopentanol with bromide 19 following themethod described in Example 18 except that the reaction was run for 19.5h, gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (1.055 g, 92%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=2.5, 1.4 Hz,1H), 6.85 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (br s, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=5.3Hz, 2H), 3.78 (dt, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.00-2.09 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.93 (m, 5H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 31 as an oil which solidified upon standing. Yield (0.502g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.94(m, 3H), 5.28 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz,2H), 1.82-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.63-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.48 (br s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.27, 130.45, 124.50, 124.18, 117.20, 115.93, 95.65,81.97, 73.44, 71.01, 42.66, 41.58, 23.75. ESI MS m/z 246.33 [M+H]⁺,228.30 [M+H—H₂O]⁺; HPLC (Method A) t_(R)=4.19 min.

Example 32 Preparation of1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 1.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol with bromide 3following the coupling method described in Example 17 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.375 g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.22 (m, 3H), 4.81 (s,1H), 3.17 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (quint, J=6.8Hz, 2H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.99 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 0.94 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by flash chromatography (9:1 CH₂Cl₂: 7 M NH₃ in MeOH) gaveExample 32 as a clear oil. Yield (0.835 g, 82%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.15-7.26 (m, 4H), 4.82 (br s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.47-2.52 (m, 2H), 1.86 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (quint, J=6.8 Hz,2H), 1.56 (br.s, 2H), 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.03 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 33 Preparation of4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method described in Example 32.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-ethynyl-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol with bromide 3gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-5-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.25 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (br s, 1H), 7.14-7.28 (m, 4H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 3.17 (q, J=6.8 Hz,2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.93-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.75 (quint, J=7.6 Hz,2H), 1.47-1.56 (m, 4H), 0.86-0.98 (m, 12H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-5-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 33 as a clear oil. Yield (0.73 g, 77%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.18 (m, 3H), 5.04 (br s, 1H), 2.56 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.91-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.62 (m,6H), 0.98 (m, 6H), 0.96 (m, 6H).

Example 34 Preparation of 4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol

4-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod described in Example 14.

Step 1: Coupling of but-3-yn-1-ol with bromide 3 at room temperaturegave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide asa pale yellow oil. Yield (0.9 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(br s, 1H), 7.15-7.26 (m, 4H), 4.86 (br s, 1H), 3.56 (t app, J=6.8 Hz,2H), 3.16 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.56 (m, 4H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.6 Hz,2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the method used in Example 2 except that the product waspurified by flash chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/EtOH/NH₄OH 85:14:1) gaveExample 34 as a clear oil. Yield (0.236 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.12-7.24 (m, 4H), 3.56 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.57 (m, 6H),1.59 (quint, J=6.9 Hz, 2H).

Example 35 Preparation of 5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-2-ol

5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-2-ol was prepared following themethods described in Examples 14 and 34.

Step 1: Coupling of pent-4-yn-2-ol with bromide 3 at room temperaturegave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide asa pale yellow oil. Yield (0.95 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40(br s, 1H), 7.14-7.26 (m, 4H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 3.81 (q, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),3.16 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (dd, J=16.8, 6.8Hz, 2H), 1.76 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.17 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the method described in Example 34 gave Example 35 as a clearoil Yield (0.34 g, 94%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24-7.25 (m, 1H),7.23 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (ddd, J=7.4, 7.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dt,J=7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (dq, J=12.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (t, J=6.9 Hz,2H), 2.51-2.64 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.65 (br s, 3H), 1.32 (d,J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

Example 36 Preparation of3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-((2-Methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 7.

Step 1: Coupling of alcohol 8 with phthalimide following the proceduredescribed in Example 17 except using diisopropyl azodicarboxylateinstead of diethyl azodicarboxylate gave phthalimide 32. Yield (6.9 g,50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.78-7.86 (m, 4H), 7.40-7.43 (m, 1H),7.29 (dt, J=2.0, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.22 (m, 2H), 3.58 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H),2.61 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.93 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of phthalimide 32 following the procedure describedin Example 17 gave amine 33. Yield (4.2 g, 97%).

Step 3: Protection of amine 33 with Boc anhydride following theprocedure described in Example 20 gave carbamate 34. Yield (5.57 g,86%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.34 (m, 1H),7.08-7.20 (m, 2H), 4.55 (br s, 1H), 3.15 (q, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=8.0Hz, 2H), 1.79 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 4: Coupling of carbamate 34 with alkyne 35 following the methoddescribed in Example 1 gave alkyne 36 as a brown oil. Yield (0.201 g,36%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53 (dd, J=7.2, 2 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.47(m, 1H), 7.36-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),6.98 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.91 (q, J=6.4 Hz,2H), 2.55 (t obs, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (s,9H).

Step 5: Alkyne 36 (0.200 gm, 0.54 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, (5 mL)and HCl in dioxane (15 mL, saturated soln) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure then triturated with hexanes (25 mL×2) to give a solidwhich was washed with diethyl ether to give Example 36 hydrochloridesalt as a cream solid. Yield (0.127 gm, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.38 (br s, 3H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.29 (tobs, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.92(t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.00 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.72 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 37 Preparation of 3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of phenylacetylene with bromide 34 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield (0.32g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53 (dd, J=7.2, 2 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.47(m, 1H), 7.36-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),6.98 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 4.54 (br s, 1H), 3.14-3.17 (m,2H), 2.63 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate gave Example 37 hydrochlorideas an off white solid. Yield (0.19 g, 73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ8.08 (br s, 2H), 7.55-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.46 (m, 6H), 7.21-7.30 (m,2H), 2.77 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.93 (m, 2H).

Example 38 Preparation of 3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of ethynylcyclopentane with bromide 34 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.70 g, 84%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.06-7.33 (m, 4H), 2.85(quint, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.62 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),1.93-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.75 (m, 2H),1.55-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate following purificationby preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 38 trifluoroacetate as awhite solid. Yield (0.22 g, 30%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.68 (brs, 3H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.24 (m, 3H), 2.85 (quint, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 2.75 (br s, 2H), 2.62 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.93-2.01 (m, 2H),1.82 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.67-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.66 (m, 4H).

Example 39 Preparation of3-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(3-Cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of prop-2-ynylcyclopentane with bromide 34 wasconducted following the method used in Example 36. Purification by flashchromatography (6% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.70 g, 84%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.06-7.33 (m, 4H), 2.85(quint, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.62 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),1.93-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m,4H), 1.45 (m, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 39trifluoroacetamide as a white solid. Yield (0.4 g, 10%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ 7.69 (br s, 2H), 7.14-7.34 (m, 4H), 2.76 (t, J=6.4 Hz,2H), 2.62 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.80(m, 4H), 1.48-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.22-1.40 (m, 2H).

Example 40 Preparation of3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(3,3-Dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne with bromide 34 gavetert-butyl 3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as abrown oil. Yield (0.43 g, 54%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followingpurification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 40trifluoroacetate as a pale yellow solid. Yield (0.08 g, 18%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.79 (br s, 3H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.22(m, 3H), 2.77 (m, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.29 (s, 9H).

Example 41 Preparation of 3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of ethynylcyclohexane with bromide 34 was conductedfollowing the method used in Example 36. Purification by flashchromatography (5% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.50 g, 57%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed by purificationby preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 41 trifluoroacetate as acream solid. Yield (0.21 g, 40%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.67 (brs, 3H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.24 (m, 3H), 2.74-2.79 (m, 1H),2.64 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.67-1.68 (m, 2H),1.32-1.52 (m, 6H).

Example 42 Preparation of3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(3-Phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of prop-2-ynylbenzene with bromide 34 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.85 g, 73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.35 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.10-7.28 (m, 5H), 4.52 (br s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H),3.14-3.16 (m, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.48 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 42trifluoroacetate as a white solid. Yield (0.45 g, 51%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.69 (br s, 3H), 7.35-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.31 (m, 4H),7.20-7.22 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 43 Preparation of 3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod described in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of 1 pent-1-yne with bromide 34 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield (0.35 g,58%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.07-7.33 (m, 4H), 4.52 (br s, 1H),3.14-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.79(quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.64 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.05 (t,J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed by purification bypreparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 43 trifluoroacetate as awhite solid. Yield (0.17 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.71 (brs, 3H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.25 (m, 3H), 2.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.62 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 1.51-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.00 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 44 Preparation of 3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following the methoddescribed in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of hex-1-yne with bromide 34 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield (0.64 g,64%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed by purification bypreparative HPLC (Method 004P) gave Example 44 hydrochloride as a whitesolid. Yield (0.17 g, 33%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.71 (br s, 3H),7.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.25 (m, 3H), 2.76 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.62(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.52 (quint, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (quint, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 0.92 (t, J=7.6Hz, 3H).

Example 45 Preparation of3-(3-(naphthalen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Naphthalen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method described in Scheme 8.

Step 1: Coupling of alcohol 11 with 2-bromonaphthalene (44) followingthe method described in Example 17 gave alcohol 45. Yield (0.40 g, 45%):¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.06 (br s, 1H), 7.80-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.58 (dd,J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.31 (m,2H), 7.18 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (br s, 1H), 4.11 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H),2.71 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Coupling of alcohol 45 with phthalimide following the methoddescribed in Example 17 gave alkyne 46. Yield (0.40 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.44 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.76 (dd,J=7.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.64 (m, 1H),7.52-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.09(quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: Deprotection of alkyne 46 following the method described inExample 17 following purification by preparative HPLC (Method 004P) gaveExample 45 as a white solid. Yield (0.12 g, 44%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.95 (m, 3H), 7.69 (br s, 2H), 7.57-7.62(m, 3H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 2.80 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (quint, J=7.6Hz, 2H).

Example 46 Preparation of3-(3-(biphenyl-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Biphenyl-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Scheme 9.

Step 1: Coupling of alcohol 11 with 3-biphenylacetylene was conductedfollowing the method described in Example 1. Purification by flashchromatography (5% EtOAc-hexanes) gave alcohol 47 as a brown oil. Yield(0.560 g, 67%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78 (br s, 1H), 7.61 (d,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.48(m, 6H), 7.29 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (dt,J=6.2, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.92 (quint., J=6.8 Hz, 2H),1.27 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: Coupling of alcohol 47 with phthalimide was conducted followingthe method described in Example 17. Purification by flash chromatography(6% EtOAc-hexanes) gave alkyne 48. Yield (0.320 g, 42%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84 (dd, J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 7.71 (dd,J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.57 (m, 8H), 7.18-7.25 (m,2H), 3.77 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02-2.09 (m, 2H).

Step 3: Deprotection of alkyne 48 following the method described inExample 17 followed by purification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P)gave Example 46 trifluoroacetate as a white sticky solid. Yield (0.16 g,52%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.83 (br s, 1H), 7.71-7.15 (m, 3H),7.67 (br s, 2H), 7.38-7.55 (m, 8H), 7.28-7.30 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.82 (m,2H), 2.68 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 47 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown Scheme 10.

Step 1: Coupling of bromide 24 with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate wasconducted following the method used in Example 20. Purification by flashchromatography (13% EtOAc-hexanes) provided tert-butyl3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate (49) as a thick brown oil.Yield (4.0 g, 48%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (brs, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (br s, 1H), 3.50-3.59 (m, 1H),3.12-3.19 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Coupling of ethynylcyclopentane with tert-butyl3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate (49) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate (50) as abrown oil. Yield (0.386 g, 92%).

Step 3: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate (50) followedby purification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 47trifluoroacetate as a white solid. Yield (0.15 g, 37%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.88 (br s, 3H), 7.17-7.31 (m, 4H), 4.85 (dd, J=7.6, 4.0 Hz,1H), 3.11-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.69 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.56-2.02 (m, 10H).

Example 48 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of prop-2-ynylcyclopentane with tert-butyl3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate (49) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate as abrown oil. Yield (0.11 g, 26%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate followedby purification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 48trifluoroacetate as a white solid. Yield (0.05 g, 44%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.57 (br s, 3H), 7.26-7.35 (m, 4H), 4.67 (dd, J=7.6, 4.8 Hz,1H), 2.81-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.09 (quint, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.88 (m, 5H),1.52-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.27-1.35 (m, 2H).

Example 49 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of prop-2-ynylbenzene with bromide 49 gave tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brownoil. Yield (0.404 g, 91%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.45 (m, 3H),7.32-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.29 (m, 3H), 4.87 (br s, 1H), 4.72 (br s, 1H),3.83 (s, 2H), 3.51-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.35 (br s, 1H), 3.12-3.19 (m, 1H),1.81-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 49trifluoroacetate as a white solid. Yield (0.114 g, 27%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.92 (br s, 3H), 7.26-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.16-7.23 (m, 4H),4.79 (dd, J=8.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.02-3.16 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.98(m, 2H).

Example 50 Preparation of6-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol

6-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of hex-5-yn-1-ol with bromide 49 gave tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brownoil. Yield (0.405 g, 77%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 004P) gave Example 50hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.12 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.87 (br s, 3H), 7.25-7.35 (m, 4H), 5.51 (br s, 1H), 4.68(dd, J=7.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.44 (m, 2H),2.77-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.44 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.62 (m,4H).

Example 51 Preparation of4-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol

4-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of but-3-yn-1-ol with bromide 49 gave tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbanate as a brownoil. Yield (0.27 g, 56%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.31(m, 3H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 3.89 (q, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (q, J=5.8 Hz, 2H),2.70 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (m, 2H), 1.49 (s,9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 004P) gave Example 51hydrochloride as a clear oil. Yield (0.03 g, 8%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D₆) δ 7.64 (br s, 3H), 7.26-7.36 (m, 4H), 4.90 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H),4.68 (dd, J=7.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (dt, J=6.4, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.85(m, 2H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.88 (m, 2H).

Example 52 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of ethynylcyclohexane with bromide 49 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate as a brown oil.Yield (0.3 g, 75%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 004P) gave Example 52hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.05 g, 16%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.01 (br s, 3H), 7.23-7.34 (m, 4H), 5.61 (br s, 1H), 4.68(dd, J=8.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.65 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.93(m, 4H), 1.67-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.51 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.39 (m, 3H).

Example 53 Preparation of 3-amino-1-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was prepared following themethod described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of hept-1-yne with bromide 49 gave tert-butyl3-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate as a clear oil. Yield0.32 g, 60%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate followed bypurification by preparative HPLC (Method 004P) gave Example 53hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.03 g, 11%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.63 (br s, 3H), 7.24-7.33 (m, 4H), 5.59 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H),4.65-4.67 (m, 1H), 2.82 (br s, 2H), 2.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.78-1.85(m, 2H), 1.49-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.40 (m, 4H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 54 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 47.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynyl-2-methoxybenzene with bromide 49 gavetert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as abrown oil. Yield (0.23 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.58 (s, 1H),7.51 (dd, J=7.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.34 (m, 3H), 6.97(dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 4.88 (br s, 1H), 4.76(quint, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.54 (br s, 1H), 3.32 (s, 1H), 3.18(ddd, J=14.4, 10.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.84-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate followedby purification by preparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 54trifluoroacetate as a white solid. Yield (0.15 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.65 (br s, 3H), 7.35-7.49 (m, 6H), 7.10 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),6.98 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (m, 1H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.85(m, 2H), 1.83-1.91 (m, 2H).

Example 55 Preparation of4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol wasprepared following the method described in Example 18.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-ethynyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol with bromide19 in THF at 60° C. overnight followed by purification by flashchromatography (EtOAc/heptane (2:1)) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.822 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.26 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=2.5,1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (ddd, J=8.2, 2.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (m, 3H), 3.79 (q,J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.73-2.92 (m, 4H), 2.26-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.01-2.04 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by purification by flash chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/EtOH/NH₄OH85:14:1) gave Example 55 as a white amorphous solid. Yield (0.41 g,68%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.23-7.28 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.98 (m, 3H),6.72 (br s, 1H), 5.69 (br s, 1H), 3.90 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=5.8Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (dt, J=13.0 and 4.6 Hz, 2H), 1.80(quint, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.60 (br s, 2H).

Example 56 Preparation of4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol wasprepared following the method described in Example 55.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-ethynyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol with bromide 19gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.12 g, 22%).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((4-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 56 as a white amorphous solid. Yield (0.050 g, 57%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.98 (m, 3H), 5.70 (br s,1H), 3.90 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.72-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.51-3.57 (m, 2H), 2.83(t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.52 (br s,2H).

Example 57 Preparation of1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

1-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was prepared followingthe methods used in Example 32.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynylcyclohexanol with bromide 17 gave2-(2-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.22 g, 57%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.82-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.21 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dt, J=8.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H),6.84-6.88 (m, 2H), 5.38 (bs, 1H), 4.20 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=5.6Hz, 2H), 1.78-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.53 (m, 5H),1.22-1.94 (m, 1H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(2-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionefollowing the method described in Example 17 except that the reactiontemperature was 70° C., gave Example 57 as a white amorphous solid.Yield (0.47 g, 67%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),6.93 (dt, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.91 (m, 2H), 5.35 (bs, 1H), 3.89 (t,J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.77-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.63 (m,9H), 1.20-1.23 (m, 1H).

Example 58 Preparation of1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol

1-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol was prepared followingthe methods described in Example 32.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynylcycloheptanol with bromide 3, following themethod used to prepare Example 17 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycycloheptyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.78 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.40 (s, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6, 1H), 7.17-7.22 (m, 3H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 3.16(q, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.91-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.79(m, 4H), 1.45-1.63 (m, 8H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycycloheptyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the method used to prepare Example 1 gave Example 58 as aclear oil. Yield (0.635 g, 86%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.19 (m, 3H), 5.28 (br s, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.44 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.63 (m,10H), 1.32 (br s, 2H).

Example 59 Preparation of1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol

1-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol was preparedfollowing the method described in Example 32.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynylcycloheptanol with bromide 25 followed bypurification by flash chromatography (2:1 to 3:2 to 1:1 hexanes/EtOAc)gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1hydroxycycloheptyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.97 g, 57%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (t,J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.28 (dt, J=6.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.34 (m,2H), 4.84 (ddd, J=6.4, 5.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dddd, J=12.0, 7.2, 6.8,6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (dddd, J=12.4, 8.0, 5.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=2.4Hz, 1H), 2.10 (dd, J=14.0, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 1.86-2.00 (m, 4H),1.56-1.76 (m, 8H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycycloheptyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by flash chromatography (9:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH to 9:1 to 8:2CH₂Cl₂/10% concentrated NH₄OH in MeOH) gave Example 59. The resultingwet oil was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and dried over MgSO₄ and concentratedunder reduced pressure to give Example 59 as a clear oil whichsolidified to a white solid on standing. Yield (0.41 g, 36%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.32 (br s, 1H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.22 (m,1H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.65 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.65 (m, 2H), 1.94 (dd,J=13.6, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.66 (m, 10H).

Example 60 Preparation ofN-(3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide

N-(3-(3-((1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 11.

1-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol (Example 11) (0.057 g,0.19 mmole) was stirred in acetic anhydride (2.0 ml) for 2 h at roomtemperature. Water (10 ml) was added with swirling and sonication. Theproduct was collected by filtration and washed with water (2×5 ml) anddried under vacuum overnight giving Example 60 as a white solid. Yield(0.050 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.81 (bs, 1H), 7.25 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.16-7.19 (m, 2H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 2.99 (q,J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.80-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.78 (s, 3H),1.43-1.68 (m, 9H), 1.20-1.23 (m, 1H).

Example 61 Preparation of3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method shown in Scheme 12.

Step 1: Coupling of alcohol 11 with phthalimide following the proceduredescribed in Example 17 except that diisopropyl azodicarboxylate wasused in place of diethyl azodicarboxylate gave alkyne 52. Yield (6 g,76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83 (dd, J=5.2, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (dd,J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.22 (m, 2H),3.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (s, 1H), 2.66 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.02(quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Coupling of 2-bromopyridine with alkyne 52 following the methoddescribed in Example 17 gave2-(3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (53) asa brown oil. Yield (0.6 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.62 (d,J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.6, 3.2 Hz,2H), 7.66-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dt,J=7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.28 (m, 3H), 3.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t,J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (53)was conducted following the method described in Example 17 except thatthe reaction was run at room temperature overnight. Purification bypreparative HPLC (Method 001P) gave Example 61 trifluoroacetate as abrown-oil. The trifluoroacetate was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (15 ml) andshaken with aqueous ammonia (12.5%, 20 mL). The organic layer was washedwith water followed by brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give Example 61 as a brown oil.Yield (0.20 g, 35%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.65 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),7.81 (dt, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.44 (m, 4H),2.68 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (quint, J=6.8 Hz,2H).

Example 62 Preparation of 2-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod shown in Scheme 13.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-bromophenol (14) with N-Boc-ethanolamine followingthe method used in Example 17 gave bromide 54 as a pale yellow oil.Yield (8.34 g, 91%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.14 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.09 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (ddd, J=8.0,2.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (bs, 1H), 4.00 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (quint,J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Coupling of bromide 54 with alkyne 9 following the method usedin Example 17 gave alkyne 55 as a tan solid. Yield (0.90 g, 90%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.21 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),6.93-6.95 (m, 1H), 6.85 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (br s, 1H),4.01 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.51-3.52 (m, 2H), 1.62, (s, 6H), 1.56 (s, 9H).

Step 3: Treatment of alkyne 55 with KOH following the method used inExample 17 gave alkyne 56 as a brown oil Yield (0.2 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H),7.00-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.90 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (br s, 1H),4.01 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.06 (s, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 4: Coupling of alkyne 56 with 3-bromopyridine following the methodused in Example 17 gave alkyne 57 as a brown oil. Yield (0.340 g, 44%):¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.76 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dt, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s,1H), 7.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (br s, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.4, 2.8 Hz,1H), 4.05 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H)

Step 5: Deprotection of alkyne 57 with HCl/dioxane following the methodused in Example 36 gave Example 62 hydrochloride as an off-white solid.Yield (0.230 g, 83%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.78 (br s, 1H), 8.60(dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (br s, 3H), 8.02-8.04 (m, 1H), 7.51 (dd,J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18(d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H),3.19 (dd, J=10.4, 5.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 63 Preparation of3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of 4-bromopyridine with alkyne 52 and purification byflash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as ayellow solid. Yield (0.271 g, 53%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.58(dd, J=4.4, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=4.4, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (s, 1H),7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),2.59 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.60 (quint, J=7.2 Hz,2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione gave,after conversion to the free base, Example 63 as a yellow oil. Yield(0.023 g, 13%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.58 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H),7.85-7.52, (m, 4H), 7.48 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H),7.30 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H),1.89 (quint, J=8.0 Hz, 2H).

Example 64 Preparation of3-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-Pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of 3-bromopyridine with alkyne 52 gave2-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as abrown oil. Yield (0.032 g, 42%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.76 (d,J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (dd, J=5.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (dd, J=5.2, 2.8 Hz,2H), 7.80 (dt, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.2, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 7:39(s, 1H), 7.16-7.24 (m, 4H), 3.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=8.0 Hz,2H), 2.05 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione gave,after conversion to the free base, Example 64 as a yellow oil. Yield(0.135 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.71 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.55(dd, J=5.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (dt, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.0,4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.2 Hz,1H), 7.25 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (obs m, 2H), 2.59 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.60 (quint, J=8.4 Hz, 2H).

Example 65 Preparation of3-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Example 61.

Step 1: Alkyne 52 was coupled with 2-bromothiophene and purified byflash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) to give2-(3-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as ayellow solid. Yield (0.490 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84 (dd,J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (s, 1H),7.26-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01(dd, J=5.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.05 (quint., J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Step 2:2-(3-(3-(Thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione wasdeprotected following the method in Example 61. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with diethyl ether and the precipitate was removed byfiltration. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and thediethyl ether precipitation step was repeated. Purification by prep HPLC(method 001) gave Example 65 trifluoroacetate as a cream-colored solid.Yield (0.210 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.94 (br s, 3H), 7.33(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J=5.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),2.63 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.99 (m, 2H).

Example 66 Preparation of3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method described in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 3-bromothiophene and purification byflash chromatography (17% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as anoff-white solid. Yield (0.441 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84(dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=2.8,1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.04 (quint., J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneaccording to the method used in Example 65, except that HPLCpurification was not necessary, gave Example 66 as a brown oil. Yield(0.190 g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.51-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.36(m, 6H), 2.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.83 (m,2H), 1.54 (br s, 2H).

Example 67 Preparation of3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(6-Methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 34 with 6-methoxyhex-1-yne followingthe method used for the preparation of Example 36 and purification byflash chromatography (10% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.20 g, 36%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate following the methodused in Example 36, except that CH₂Cl₂ was used as a cosolvent in thereaction (HCl-dioxane solution: CH₂Cl₂ 7:5), and purification by prepHPLC (Method 004P) gave Example 67 hydrochloride as an off white solid.Yield (0.050 g, 30%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.37 (br s, 3H),7.10-7.24 (m, 4H), 4.02 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.98 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.04-2.12 (m,2H), 1.82-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.73 (m, 2H).

Example 68 Preparation of 6-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol

6-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of hex-5-yn-1-ol with bromide 34 was conductedfollowing the method used in Example 36. Purification by flashchromatography (30% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a white solid. Yield(0.350 g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.17-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.07-7.10(m, 1H), 6.81-6.84 (m, 1H), 4.53 (br s, 1H), 3.72 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 2H),3.10-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H),1.63-1.83 (m, 6H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate following purificationby prep HPLC using Method 001P gave Example 68 as a white solid. Yield(0.140 g, 34%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.21 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.17(t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dm, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.95(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (t, J=7.6, 2H), 2.43 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.06(quint., J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.71-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.68 (m, 2H).

Example 69 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the general scheme used in Example 19 with modifications.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 25 with but-3-ynylbenzene following themethod used in Example 1 and purification by flash chromatography (20%EtOAc-hexanes) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.340 g, 52%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.28-7.36 (m, 7H), 7.24-7.27 (m, 2H), 4.84-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.74 (m,1H), 3.41 (ddd, J=17.6, 8.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.70(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.90-2.03 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidewas conducted following the method used in Example 1, except that thereaction was heated overnight. Purification by prep HPLC (method 004P)gave Example 69 as a brown solid. Yield (0.085 g, 33%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.34 (m, 9H), 4.67 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.68-2.74 (m, 4H), 1.68 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 0.86-0.92 (m, 1H).

Example 70 Preparation of3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(5-Methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method used in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 34 with 5-methoxypent-1-yne andpurification by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a yellow oil. Yield(0.170 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.17-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.08-7.10(m, 1H), 4.52 (br s, 1H), 4.31 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H),3.08-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.94-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate and purification byprep HPLC (method 001P) gave Example 70 trifluoroacetate as a whitesolid. Yield (0.110 g, 92%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.11-7.24 (m, 4H),4.30 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.94-2.00 (m,2H).

Example 71 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol is preparedfollowing the method used in Example 69.

Example 72 Preparation of 3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(4-Phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method used in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 34 with but-3-ynylbenzene was conductedfollowing the method used in Example 36. Purification by flashchromatography (10% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.40 g, 82%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate gave Example 72hydrochloride as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.74 (br s,3H), 7.14-7.28 (m, 9H), 2.82 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.67 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (quint., J=7.6 Hz,2H).

Example 73 Preparation of 2-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(4-Methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod described in Scheme 14.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with 4-methylpent-1-yne followingthe method used in Example 1 and purification by flash chromatography(20% EtOAc-hexanes) gave alkyne 58 as a brown oil. Yield (0.289 g, 48%).

Step 2: Deprotection of alkyne 58 following the method used in Example36 and purification by prep HPLC (method 004P) gave Example 73hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.040 g, 20%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.11 (br s, 3H), 7.25 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 3H),4.14 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H),1.78-1.84 (m, 1H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 74 Preparation of 6-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol

6-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with hex-5-yn-1-ol and purificationby flash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) provided tert-butyl2-(3-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.500 g, 79%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.17 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (br s,1H), 4.00 (t; J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.55 (m, 2H), 2.46 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.79 (m, 4H), 1.58 (s, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification asdescribed in Example 73 gave Example 74 hydrochloride as a brown solid.Yield (0.161 g, 40%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.15 (br s, 3H),7.22-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.97 (m, 3H), 4.14 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t,J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.14-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.39 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.51-1.53 (m,4H).

Example 75 Preparation of 2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with prop-2-ynylbenzene andpurification by flash chromatography (5% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.530 g, 79%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.05-7.23(m, 4H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.81-6.85 (m, 1H), 4.97 (br s, 1H), 4.01 (t,J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.52 (q, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification asdescribed in Example 73 gave Example 75 hydrochloride as a cream-coloredsolid. Yield (0.208 g, 54%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.29 (br s,2H), 7.20-7.38 (m, 6H), 6.95-7.04 (m, 3H), 4.17 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.85(s, 3H), 3.14 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 76 Preparation of 4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol

4-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with but-3-yn-1-ol and purificationby flash chromatography (35% EtOAc-hexanes) provided tert-butyl2-(3-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oilcontaminated with alkyne dimer. Yield (0.296 g, 51%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H),6.84 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 4.00 (t, J=5.2 Hz,2H), 3.83 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=6.4 Hz,2H), 1.83 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification asdescribed in Example 73 gave Example 76 hydrochloride as an off-whitesolid. Yield (0.064 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.07 (br s,3H), 7.25 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.99 (m, 3H), 4.87-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.14(t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (s, 2H), 2.51 (t, J=6.4Hz, 2H).

Example 77 Preparation of 2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following the methodused in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with 1-heptyne and purification byflash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield (0.238 g,37%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification as describedin Example 73 gave Example 77 hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield(0.018 g, 11%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.95 (br s, 3H), 7.25 (t,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.97 (m, 3H), 4.13 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (t, J=4.8Hz, 2H), 2.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.47-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.24-1.39 (m, 4H),0.85 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 78 Preparation of1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cycloheptanol

1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cycloheptanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Coupling of bromide 19 with 1-ethynylcycloheptanol was conductedfollowing the procedure described in Example 18, except that thereaction was heated for 2 h. After the reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature, it was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water. Thecombined organics were filtered through Celite. The filtrate was driedover Na₂SO₄ and treated with activated charcoal. Following filtration,the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification byflash chromatography (10 to 50% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((1-hydroxycycloheptyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas an orange oil. Yield (1.078 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20(br s, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dt, J=7.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.90(dd, J=2.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t,J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (q, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (br s, 1H), 2.05-2.11 (m,2H), 1.84-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.70 (m, 8H).

Step 2: To a solution of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((1-hydroxycycloheptyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide(1.07 g, 2.9 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added saturated aqueous K₂CO₃(˜10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously and heated at 50°C. for 2 h. After removal of the volatiles by concentration underreduced pressure, the mixture was partitioned into EtOAc and water. Theorganic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by flash chromatography (10% 7M NH₃ inMeOH-EtOAc) gave Example 78 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 0.70 g, 88%):¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dt, J=8.0, 0.8Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=2.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.4, 1.2 Hz,1H), 3.97 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (br s, 2H), 2.08-2.13 (m, 2H),1.87-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.74 (m, 11H).

Example 79 Preparation of 2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine

2-(3-(Cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with ethynylcyclopentane andpurification by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a yellow oil. Yield(0.290 g, 46%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification asdescribed in Example 73 gave Example 79 hydrochloride as a white solid.Yield (0.100 g, 49%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.24 (br s, 3H), 7.23(dd, J=9.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91-6.95 (m, 3H), 4.15 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.13(t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.77-2.85 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.71 (m,6H).

Example 80 Preparation of 2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with ethynylcyclohexane andpurification by flash chromatography (5-10% EtOAc-hexanes) gavetert-butyl 2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brownoil. Yield (0.170 g, 26%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification asdescribed in Example 73 gave Example 80 hydrochloride as a white solid.Yield (0.023 g, 16%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.93 (br s, 3H),7.23-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.97 (m, 3H), 4.13 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t,J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.50 (m, 3H),1.28-1.48 (m, 4H).

Example 81 Preparation of 2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine

2-(3-(Phenylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 54 with ethynylbenzene and purificationby flash chromatography (22% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a yellow oil. Yield (0.200g, 31%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification as describedin Example 73 gave Example 81 hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield(0.150 g, 71%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.12 (br s, 3H), 7.52-7.54(m, 2H), 7.40-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.34 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.16 (m, 2H),7.02 (dd, J=8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (t, J=4.8 Hz,2H).

Example 82 Preparation of3-(3-naphthalen-1-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Naphthalen-1-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 2-bromonaphthalene and purificationby flash chromatography (3-5% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-(naphthalen-1-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as abrown oil. Yield (0.300 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.44 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.76 (dd, J=7.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70(dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.49(m, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (quint., J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-naphthalen-1-ylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione andpurification following the method used in Example 61 gave Example 82 asa semi-solid. Yield (0.040 g, 25%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.18 (s,1H), 7.80-7.95 (m, 3H), 7.69 (br s, 2H), 7.57-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.49(m, 2H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 83 Preparation of 3-(3-(o-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(o-Tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 1-ethynyl-2-methylbenzene andpurification by flash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-(o-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as a brownoil. Yield (0.480 g, 61%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83 (dd, J=5.6,3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (dd, J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37(m, 1H), 7.31-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.24 (m, 5H), 3.77 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),2.70 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.02-2.09 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(o-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione andpurification by prep HPLC (method 004P) gave Example 83 as a brownsolid. Yield (0.080 g, 25%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.53 (m,8H), 2.65 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H),1.65-1.72 (m, 2H).

Example 84 Preparation of 3-(3-(p-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(p-Tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 1-ethynyl-4-methylbenzene andpurification by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-(p-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as a brownoil. Yield (0.487 g, 61%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83 (dd, J=5.2,2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (dd, J=5.2, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.14-7.36 (m, 7H), 3.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.37(s, 3H), 2.01-2.09 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(p-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione andpurification according to the method used in Example 61 gave Example 84trifluoroacetate as a white solid. Yield (0.060 g, 18%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.53 (br s, 3H), 7.31-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.20-7.24 (m, 3H),2.74 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.77-1.85(m, 2H).

Example 85 Preparation of2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(3-Cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared followingthe method used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of prop-2-ynylcyclopentane with bromide 54 andpurification by flash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a white solid.Yield (0.500 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.91-7.21 (m, 3H),6.80-6.84 (m, 1H), 4.97 (br s, 1H), 4.00 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (q,J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.07-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.87 (m,2H), 1.48-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.29-1.40 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purificationby flash chromatography (7% MeOH—CH₂Cl₂) gave Example 85 hydrochlorideas a white solid. Yield (0.160 g, 45%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.20-7.24 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.94 (m, 3H), 4.00 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (brs, 2H), 2.04 (quint., J=7.2, 2H), 1.71-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.62 (m, 4H),1.20-1.31 (m, 3H).

Example 86 Preparation of 2-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(4-Phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of but-3-ynylbenzene with bromide 54 and purificationby flash chromatography (5-10% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.503 g, 72%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purification byflash chromatography (1-10% MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ containing trace triethylamine)gave Example 86 as a yellow solid. Yield (0.127 g, 33%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.27-7.28 (m, 4H), 7.17-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.89 (m, 3H),3.88 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.86 (m, 4H), 2.66 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 87 Preparation of 3-(3-(m-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(m-Tolylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 3-iodotoluene and purification byflash chromatography (10% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-(m-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as a brownoil. Yield (0.396 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.40 (dd, J=5.6,3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.36 (m, 8H), 3.76 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.01-2.09 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-(m-tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione andpurification according to the method used in Example 61 gave Example 87trifluoroacetate as an off-white solid. Yield (0.030 g, 12%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.60 (br s, 3H), 7.21-7.39 (m, 8H), 2.75 (t, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 2.63 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.77-1.85 (m, 2H).

Example 88 Preparation of3-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile

3-((3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile was prepared followingthe method used in Example 62.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 56 with 3-bromobenzonitrile and purificationby flash chromatography (15% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-((3-cyanophenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil.Yield (0.275 g, 39%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.73 (dt,J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.28-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.93 (dd,J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 4.05 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (q,J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-((3-cyanophenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate afforded Example 88hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.195 g, 97%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.03 (s, 4H), 7.85-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.62 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37(t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.19(t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (q, J=4.8 Hz, 2H).

Example 89 Preparation of 2-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenol

2-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenol was prepared following themethod used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 2-iodophenol and purification byflash chromatography (8% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-((2-hydroxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione asa yellow oil. Yield (0.550 g, 69%).

Step 2: 2-(3-(3-(m-Tolylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione wasdeprotected and purified according to the method used in Example 61 togive Example 89 trifluoroacetate as an off-white solid. Yield (0.195 g,53%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.58(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.29 (m,3H), 7.14-7.15 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.74 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.88 (m, 2H).

Example 90 Preparation of3-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile

3-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile was prepared followingthe method used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 3-bromobenzonitrile and purificationby flash chromatography (20% EtOAc-hexanes) gave3-((3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrile asa yellow oil. Yield (0.456 g, 56%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84 (dd,J=5.6, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.74 (m, 3H), 7.60 (dt,J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.33 (m,3H), 3.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.02-2.09 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of3-((3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)phenyl)ethynyl)benzonitrilepurification and conversion to the free base according to the methodused in Example 61 gave Example 90 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.085 g,28%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.02 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dd,J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.36 (dt,J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dt, J=7.2, 1.2 Hz,1H), 2.59 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.64 (m, 2H).

Example 91 Preparation of2-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-((2-Methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared followingthe method used in Example 73.

Step 1: Coupling of 1-ethynyl-2-methoxybenzene with bromide 54 andpurification by flash chromatography (12% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil.Yield (0.500 g, 44%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz,1H), 7.23-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.18 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.08 (m, 1H),6.86-6.96 (m, 3H), 4.99 (br s, 1H), 4.04 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (s,3H), 3.54 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate and purificationby flash chromatography (6% MeOH—CH₂Cl₂) gave Example 91 hydrochlorideas a white solid. Yield (0.160 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.44(dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.11 (m, 3H), 6.93-7.01(m, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.12 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 92 Preparation of3-(3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-((3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine wasprepared following the method used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 3-bromobenzotrifluoride andpurification by flash chromatography (5% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a brown oil. Yield (0.477 g, 53%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84(dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.72 (m, 3H), 7.57 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.32 (dt, J=7.2, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02-2.09 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione,purification and conversion to the free base according to the methodused in Example 61 gave Example 92 as a semi-solid. Yield (0.240 g,71%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (t,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.65 (m, 2H).

Example 93 Preparation of3-(3-((3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-((3,5-Di-tert-butylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine wasprepared following the method used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 1-bromo-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzene andpurification by flash chromatography (12% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-((3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a colorless oil. Yield (0.410 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84(dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.15-7.40 (m,7H), 3.77 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.01-2.09 (m, 2H),1.34 (s, 18H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-((3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione,purification and conversion to the free base according to the methodused in Example 61 gave Example 93 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.150 g,50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.41 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H),7.32-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.58(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.27 (s,18H).

Example 94 Preparation of3-(3-((4-(methylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-((4-(Methylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 61.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 52 with 4-bromothioanisole and purificationby flash chromatography (16% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2-(3-(3-((4-(methylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a brown oil. Yield (0.160 g, 32%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.83(dd, J=5.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.2, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (dt, J=8.8,2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.25 (m, 3H),7.17 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.50 (s, 3H), 2.01-2.08 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2-(3-(3-((4-(methylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione,purification and conversion to the free base according to the methodused in Example 61 gave Example 94 as a light yellow solid. Yield (0.050g, 45%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.36 (m,2H), 7.15-7.28 (m, 4H), 2.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.50 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H).

Example 95 Preparation of 2-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 62.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 56 with 2-bromothiophene and purification byflash chromatography (5-20% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a yellow oil. Yield(0.605 g, 57%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H),7.28-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H),7.03-7.04 (m, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J=5.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.4,0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (br s, 1H), 4.04 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (dt, J=5.2,4.8 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate was conductedaccording to the method used in Example 62. After completion of thereaction, diethyl ether was added and the solids were collected byfiltration and dried under vacuum to afford Example 95 hydrochloride asa white solid. Yield (0.436 g, 88%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.14(br s, 3H), 7.66 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=3.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H),7.14 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.03 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.4,1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (t, J=5.2, 2H).

Example 96 Preparation of 2-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 62.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 56 with 3-bromothiophene and purification byflash chromatography (13% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.630 g, 60%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate was conductedaccording to the method used in Example 62, except that trituration wasdone with diethyl ether instead of hexanes. Example 96 hydrochloride wasisolated as an off-white solid. Yield (0.430 g, 83%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.18 (br s, 3H), 7.87 (dd, J=2.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J=4.8,2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H),7.08-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.99-7.02 (m, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (t,J=4.8 Hz, 2H).

Example 97 Preparation of 2-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 96.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 56 with 4-bromopyridine and purification byflash chromatography (12% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a brown oil. Yield(0.298 g, 38%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.61 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.38(d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07(br s, 1H), 6.94 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (br s, 1H), 4.05(t, J=5.2, 2H), 3.55-3.57 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate gave Example 97hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.298 g, 38%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.78 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 2H), 8.23 (br s, 3H), 7.85 (s, 2H), 7.41(t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=8.0, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.22(t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 98 Preparation of 2-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 96.

Step 1: Coupling of alkyne 56 with 4-bromopyridine and purification byflash chromatography (17% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl2-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate as a yellow oil. Yield(0.50 g, 64%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.63 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69(dt, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.21(dt, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.13 (m, 1H), 6.93 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.4, 1.2Hz, 1H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 4.03 (t, J=5.2, 2H), 3.54-3.56 (m, 2H), 1.46(s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl2-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethylcarbamate gave Example 98hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.300 g, 85%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.61 (dt, J=5.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (br s, 3H), 7.92 (dt,J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (ddd, J=7.6, 5.2, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.20 (m,1H), 7.08 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.18(dt, J=5.6, 5.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 99 Preparation of1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

1-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 19 with modifications.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 25 with 1-ethynylcyclohexanol followingthe coupling conditions used in Example 17 and purification by flashchromatography (40% EtOAc-hexanes) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.621 g, 55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.32 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.25 (m,1H), 5.36-5.37 (m, 2H), 4.54-4.58 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.26 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.83(m, 4H), 1.60-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.20-1.22 (m, 1H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidewas conducted following the method used in Example 18, except that thesolvent was 90% MeOH-water and the reaction was stirred overnight. Thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and partitionedinto EtOAc and water. The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was crystallizedfrom hot EtOAc. After cooling, the product was collected by filtration,washed with EtOAc and hexanes, and dried. Example 99 was isolated as awhite solid. Yield (0.210 g, 47%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.23-7.26(m, 4H), 5.45 (br s, 1H), 4.68 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (br s, 2H),1.83-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.67 (m, 9H), 1.15-1.34 (m, 1H).

Example 100 Preparation of(R)-4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

(R)-4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 15.

Step 1: To a solution of4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol (Example 19)(1.39 g, 4.80 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine(1.2 mL) and a solution of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl,1.35 g, 5.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 20 min then concentrated under reduced pressure andpurified by flash chromatography (30 to 70% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) togive alcohol 59. Yield (1.81 g, 74%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91(d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.43 (m, 8H), 5.19 (s,1H), 4.80 (dd, J=9.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (t,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.53 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.63 (m, 4H),1.30-1.32 (m, 10H), 0.92 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: To a solution of alcohol 59 (1.81 g, 3.54 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25mL) was added NaHCO₃ (0.890 g, 10.6 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane(60, 1.65 g, 3.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 10 min, then the solids were removed by filtrationthrough Celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography (20 to 70%EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to give ketone 61. Yield (1.36 g, 75%).

Step 3: Preparation of (−)-B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane solution((−)-DIP-Cl): To an ice-cold solution of (−)-α-pinene (7.42 g, 54.56mmol) in hexanes (5 mL) under argon was added chloroborane-methylsulfide complex (2.55 mL, 24.46 mmol) over 1.5 min. The mixture wasstirred for 2.5 min then allowed to warm to room temperature over 3 min.The reaction mixture was heated at 30° C. for 2.5 h. The resultingsolution was approximately 1.5 M.

To a −25° C. solution of ketone 61 (0.6472 g, 1.27 mmol) in THF (5 mL)was added diisopropylethylamine (0.0408 g, 0.32 mmol) and (−)-DIP-Clsolution (1.5 mL of a 1.5 M solution in hexane, 2.25 mmol). The reactionmixture was stirred at −25° C. for 12 min then allowed to warm to 0° C.and stirred for 1 h, 15 min. The mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature over 20 min then additional (−)-DIP-Cl solution (1.5 mL of a1.5 M solution in hexane, 2.25 mmol) was added. Stirring at roomtemperature was continued for 35 min then diisopropylethylamine (1 mL,5.74 mmol) and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ were added. The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combinedorganics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography (10 to 70%EtOAc-hexanes gradient) provided alcohol 62. (Yield 0.3295 g, 51%).

Step 4: To a solution of alcohol 62 (0.3295 g, 0.644 mmol) in THF (6 mL)was added 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 0.11 mL, 0.74 mmol).The mixture was stirred at room temperature 20 min then concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography (10:40:50to 20:80:0 7 M NH₃ in MeOH/EtOAc/hexanes) gave Example 100 as an oil.Yield (0.1383 g, 74%): ¹H NMR data was consistent with that reported forExample 19. Chiral HPLC (25° C.; eluent 90% heptane-EtOH containing 0.1%ethanesulfonic acid): 95.5% major enantiomer (AUC), t_(R)=17.622 min(minor enantiomer: 4.4%, t_(R)=21.756 min). [α]_(D)=+20.09 (26.6° C.,c=0.980 g/100 mL in EtOH).

Determination of the Absolute Stereochemistry of Example 100

The absolute stereochemistry of Example 100 was determined by the methodshown in Scheme 16 where Example 100 and (R)-3-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-olwere synthesized from a common intermediate (bromide 64). The opticalrotation of (R)-3-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol was consistent with thevalue reported in the literature (Kamal, Ahmed et al. Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 2002, 13(18), 2039-52); [α]_(D)=+41.8 (30° C., c=1.0 g/100 mLin MeOH).

Step 1: To a solution of aryl bromide 25 (1.0552 g, 3.23 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(25 mL) was added pyridinium chlorochromate (0.9152 g, 4.2 mmol) andCelite (1.96 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 1 h, 50 min then a second portion of pyridinium chlorochromate(0.4936 g, 2.3 mmol) was added. Stirring was continued for 1 h thensolids were removed by filtration through Celite. The filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash chromatography(10 to 50% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to give ketone 63 as a white solid.Yield (0.6465 g, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br s, 1H), 8.06(t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (ddd, J=7.6, 2.0, 0.8Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (t, J=6.8Hz, 2H).

Step 2: To an ice-cold solution of ketone 63 (0.6465 g, 1.99 mmol) inTHF (10 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.57 mmol) andfreshly prepared (−)-DIP-Cl (2.5 mL of a 1.67 M solution in hexane, 4.2mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirredfor 2.5 h. Additional (−)-DIP-Cl solution was added (1 mL, 1.67 mmol)and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 h. The reaction was partitioned intosaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and EtOAc. The combined organics were washedwith brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash chromatography (10 to 100% EtOAc-hexanes gradient)afforded aryl bromide 64. Yield (0.62 g, 95%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.50 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dt, J=7.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.27 (m, 2H),4.84 (dt, J=8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.43 (m, 1H), 2.47(dd, J=2.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 1.80-2.00 (m, 2H).

Step 3: To a solution of aryl bromide 64 (0.2732 g, 0.84 mmol) intriethylamine (1 mL) and DMF (5 mL) was added 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol (0.35g, 2.5 mmol), tri(o-tolyl)phosphine (0.0164 g, 0.05 mmol), CuI (0.0110g, 0.058 mmol), and PdCl₂(Ph₃P)₂ (0.0208 g, 0.03 mmol) and the mixturewas degassed (vacuum/argon purge three times). The mixture was heated at60° C. for 15 h then cooled to room temperature. The mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and triturated with EtOAc. Thesolids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography (10 to 70%EtOAc-hexanes gradient) afforded(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide.Yield (0.2551 g, 79%): the ¹H NMR data was consistent with that of(R/S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(an intermediate in Example 19 synthesis) reported above.

Step 4: To a solution of(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(0.2551 g, 0.66 mmol) in MeOH—H₂O (2:1, 12 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (0.4967g, 3.6 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. After coolingto room temperature, the mixture was partitioned into EtOAc and brine.The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography (50:40:10 to0:80:20 hexanes:EtOAc: 7 M NH₃ in MeOH gradient) gave alkyne 65 as anoil. Yield (0.1421 g, 74%): the ¹H NMR data was consistent with that ofExample 100 reported above. Chiral HPLC (25° C.; eluent 90% heptane-EtOHcontaining 0.1% ethanesulfonic acid): 93.6% major enantiomer (AUC),t_(R)=15.880 min (minor enantiomer: 6.4%, t_(R)=20.068 min).[α]_(D)=+20.77 (24.1° C., c=1.920 g/100 mL in EtOH).

Preparation of (R)-3-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol (67) from aryl bromide 64

Step 1: To a −78° C. solution of aryl bromide 64 (1.3155 g, 4.03 mmol)in THF (13 mL) was added a solution of n-butyl lithium (13 mL of a 1.6 Msolution in hexanes, 20.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for10 min then quenched with 30% aqueous NH₄Cl. After warming to roomtemperature, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organicswere washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by flash chromatography (10 to 70% EtOAc-hexanes)afforded alcohol 66 contaminated with ˜3% of the bromide startingmaterial. Yield (0.3730 g, 37%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.33 (br s,1H), 7.51 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.33(ddd, J=8.4, 2.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (dt, J=8.0,4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.19-3.28 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.86 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of alcohol 66 and purification as described foralkyne 65 gave (R)-3-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol (67) as an oil. Yield(0.1749 g, 77%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.25(m, 1H), 4.94 (dd, J=8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.05-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.97 (m,1H), 2.62 (br s, 3H), 1.82-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.79 (m, 1H).[α]_(D)=+34.84 (25.7° C., c=2.05 g/100 mL in MeOH).

Example 101 Preparation of(S)-4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

(S)-4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 100.

Step 1: Ketone 61 was reduced with (+)-DIP-Cl and purified by flashchromatography (10 to 70% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to afford(S)-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate.Yield (0.50 g, 70%): the ¹H NMR data was consistent with that reportedabove.

Step 2: (S)-(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate wasdeprotected and purified according to the method used in Example 100 togive Example 101 as an oil. Yield (0.1845, 65%): ¹H NMR data wasconsistent with that reported for Example 19. Chiral HPLC (25° C.;eluent 90% heptane-EtOH containing 0.1% ethanesulfonic acid): 95.7%major enantiomer (AUC), t_(R)=21.562 min (minor enantiomer: 4.2%,t_(R)=17.572 min). [α]_(D)=−24.93 (26.6° C., c=0.955 g/100 mL in EtOH).

Example 102 Preparation of 3-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared following themethod used in Example 36.

Step 1: Coupling of aryl bromide 34 with hept-1-yne and purification byflash chromatography (30% EtOAc-hexanes) gave tert-butyl3-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a yellow oil. Yield (0.300g, 57%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate was conducted following themethod used in Example 36. Purification by prep HPLC (Method 004P) gaveExample 102 hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield (0.200 g, 15%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.98 (br s, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.18(m, 3H), 2.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.41 (t, J=6.8Hz, 2H), 1.84 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (quint, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),1.43-1.28 (m, 4H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 103 Preparation ofN-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide

N-(3-(3-(3-Hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide wasprepared following the method used in Example 60.

4-((3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol (Example 2) was acylatedto give Example 103 as a clear oil. Yield (0.087 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.81 (bs, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.15 (m,3H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 2.99 (q, J=12.8, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=7.2, 2H),1.77 (s, 3H), 1.68-1:42 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 104 Preparation of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide

2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-Hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(Compound 26) was prepared as described in Example 19, Scheme 5.

Example 105 Preparation of3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method shown in shown in Scheme 17.

Step 1: LAH (180 mL of a 1M solution, 176 mmol) was added slowly to asolution of acid 68 (25 g, 176 mmol), in anhydrous THF (500 mL) underargon at 5° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature,stirred 1 h, cooled again to 5° C., then quenched by slow addition ofsaturated aqueous Na₂SO₄. The resultant precipitate was removed byfiltration, then the filtrate was extracted with EtOAc, washed withwater and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to givethe alcohol 69 as colorless oil. Yield (21 g, 98%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 3.38 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.80 (m, 12H), 1.10-1.20 (m, 2H).

Step 2: A solution of alcohol 69 (4.5 g, 35 mmol) in dichloromethane (10mL) was added to a stirring mixture of pyridinium chlorochromate (9.4 g,43.8 mmol) and celite (10 g) in dichloromethane (100 mL) and thereaction stirred 16 hr. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silicagel and the pad rinsed with diethyl ether. The combined filtrate wasconcentrated, giving impure aldehyde 70 as a green oil, which was takenon to the next step without purification. Yield (4.1 g, 93%). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.58 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 2.28-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.95(m, 2H), 1.40-1.70 (m, 10H).

Step 3: Sodium trichloroacetate was added in 3 aliquots over 10 min to astirred solution of aldehyde 70 (14.9 g, 118 mmole) and trichloroaceticacid (19.3 g, 177 mmol) in DMF (150 mL). The reaction was stirred atroom temperature for 2 h, cooled in an ice bath, then quenched anddiluted with water. The solution was extracted with hexanes and washedwith saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, water, and brine. The combined organicswere dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure, giving impure alcohol 71 as a yellow oil, which was taken onto the next step without purification. Yield (23.4 g, 80%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.95 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (br s, 1H), 2.20-2.30 (m,1H), 1.88-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.36-1.84 (m, 11H).

Step 4: p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (3.34 g, 17.5 mmol) was added to asolution of alcohol 71 (4.3 g, 17.5 mmol), triethylamine (3.6 mL, 26.3mmol), and diazabicyclooctane (0.586 g, 5.2 mmol) in 40 mLdichloromethane and stirred at room temperature for 90 min. The reactionwas quenched by washing with water (40 mL), then washed with 5N HCl. Thecombined aqueous was extracted with dichloromethane (40 mL) and thecombined organics further washed with 2N HCl, water, and brine, thendried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash chromatography (0-10% EtOAc/hexanes gradient) gavethe sulfonate 72 as pale yellow crystals. Yield (2.65 g, 38%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 2.43(s, 3H), 2.24-2.32 (m, 1H), 1.98-2.06 (s, 1H), 1.78-1.88 (m, 1H),1.60-1.73 (m, 3H), 1.28-1.60 (m, 8H).

Step 5: Methyllithium (7.0 mL of a 1.6 M solution in diethyl ether,11.25 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirring solution of sulfonate 72 (1g, 2.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) under argon at 5° C. The reactionwas allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred 16 hr, then quenched bythe slow addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The mixture was extractedwith hexanes, and the combined organics washed with brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, giving thealkyne 73 as yellow oil. Yield (0.270 g, 88%) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ2.51 (s, 1H), 1.99 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.73-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.70 (m,4H), 1.35-1.55 (m, 6H).

Step 6: The sonogashira coupling was conducted following the method usedin Example 1. Purification by flash chromatography (0-25% EtOAc/hexanesgradient), gave the alkyne 74 as an amber oil. Yield (0.556 g, 59%): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.16-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.03-7.08 (m, 1H), 6.28 (br s,1H), 3.36 (dt, J=6.8, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.75-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.63 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 4H), 1.69-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.65 (m, 6H).

Step 7: Deprotection of the alkyne 74 was conducted following the methodused in Example 1. Purification by flash chromatography (5% (7NNH3/MeOH)/dichloromethane) gave Example 106 as a colorless oil. Yield(0.226 g, 56%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.13-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.03-7.08(m, 1H), 2.74-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.69 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.59 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.84-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.80 (m, 6H), 1.46-1.64 (m, 6H), 1.30 (brs, 2H).

Example 106 Preparation of 2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of alkyne 73 with phenyl bromide 19followed by flash chromatography (0-25% EtOAc/hexanes gradient), gaveN-(2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide asan amber oil. Yield (0.154 g, 27%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.12 (t,J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.98-6.98 (m, 1H), 6.83-6.86 (m, 1H), 6.65-6.80 (m, 2H),4.01 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.66-3.73 (m, 2H), 2.68-2.77 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.88(m, 2H), 1.63-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.57 (m, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidefollowed by flash chromatography (5% (7N NH3/MeOH)/dichloromethane) gaveExample 106 as a pale brown oil. Yield (0.064 g, 53%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.16 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.95-6.99 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.94 (m, 1H),6.78-6.83 (m, 1H), 3.95 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H),2.74-2.82 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.44-1.64 (m,8H).

Example 107 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 18.

Step 1: To a stirred mixture of THF (200 mL) and CH₃CN (7.8 mL, 148mmol) cooled to −50° C., was added KOtBu (18.16 g, 162 mmol) in portionsby maintaining the temperature at −50° C. After stirring for 30 min,3-bromobenzaldehyde (25 g, 135 mmol) was charged maintaining the sameinternal temperature. After stirring for 30 min, the reaction mixturewas warmed to 0° C. and stirred for additional 3 h. This was recooled to−10° C. and quenched with excess water. Extraction with ethyl acetateyielded the crude product, which was purified by flash chromatography (0to 20% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to give 23 as light yellow oil. Yield (21g, 69%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.49 (bd, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.47 (bd, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (d, J=4.4 Hz,1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.95 (m, 2H).

Step 2: To a solution of nitrile 23 (22.4 g, 99 mmol) in anhydrous THF(200 mL) under nitrogen was added BH₃.SMe₂ (28.4 mL, 297 mmol) viaaddition funnel over a period of 1 h. The mixture was then refluxed for14 h. After cooling to 0° C., the excess borane was quenched by slowaddition of methanol. This was concentrated to dryness under reducedpressure. The process was repeated six times. This was followed by thedissolution of the crude product in 6N HCl and extraction with DCM.Aqueous layer was basified to pH 10 with conc. NH₄OH and extracted withDCM. Combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄. The solution was filteredand concentrated under reduced pressure to give 24 as clear oil. Yield(15.94 g, 70%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.42 (bd,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.34 (m, 2H), 4.69 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.74 (m, 2H),1.65-1.77 (m, 2H).

Step 3: To a solution of 24 (15.9 g, 69 mmol) in anhydrous THF (200 mL)was added ethyl trifluoroacetate (10 mL, 83 mmol). The resulting mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 3 h during which the transformationwas found to be complete. The reaction mixture was then concentrated todryness under reduced pressure. The product was pure enough to beutilized as such for the next transformation. Yield (19 g, crude): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.35 (bs, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.44 (bd, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.34 (m, 2H), 5.48 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.5745.61 (m, 1H),3.18-3:30 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.87 (m, 2H).

Step 4: A mixture of 25, methyl propargyl ether (0.2 mL, 2.25 mmol),PdCl₂ (PPh₃)₂ (108 mg, 0.075 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (47 mg, 0.075mmol), copper (1) iodide (29 mg, 0.075 mmol), in diisopropylamine (10mL) was heated under reflux overnight. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Purificationby flash chromatography (0 to 30% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) gave ether 76as yellow oil. Yield (0.4 g, 82%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44 (s,1H), 7.38-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.34 (m, 2H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 4.12 (s, 2H),3.66-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.43 (s, 3H), 3.38-3.41 (m, 1H), 2.37 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H)1.93-1.97 (m, 2H).

Step 5: A mixture of 76, potassium carbonate (438 mg, 3.26 mmol) andwater (2 mL) in 2-PrOH (10 mL) was heated under reflux overnight.Reaction mass was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure anddiluted with water (10 mL). This mass was acidified to pH 2 andextracted with DCM. The aqueous layer was basified with saturated NaHCO₃solution to pH 10 and extracted with DCM. The combined organics weredried over Na₂SO₄. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressureto give Example 107 as brown oil. Yield (0.138 g, 77%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.25-7.35 (m, 3H), 4.67 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.34(s, 2H), 2.59-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.80 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 147.1, 129.5, 128.7, 128.4, 126.2, 121.5, 86.1,85.5, 70.8, 59.5, 57.0, 42.2. ESI MS m/z 220 [M+1]⁺.

Example 108 Preparation of 3-amino-1-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 107.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with 1-hexyne resulted in2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)acetamide asyellow oil. Yield (1.53 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38 (s, 1H),7.25-7.34 (m, 3H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.42 (m, 1H),2.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (d, J=2.0, 1H) 1.93-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.61(m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)acetamidegave yellow oil. Crude product was dissolved in methanol (5 ml) andstirred for 30 min with HCl in Dioxane (1 mL, 4M). The mixture wasconcentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography gave Example 108, as a pale yellow semi-solid, as thehydrochloride. Yield (0.17 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.23-7.32 (m, 4H), 4.62-4.65 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.38 (t, J=6.8Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.52 (m, 4H), 0.87 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 145.7, 129.7, 128.5, 128.4, 125.2, 123.1,90.5, 80.7, 69.2, 36.5, 36.3, 30.3, 21.5, 18.3, 13.5. ESI MS m/z 232[M+1]⁺.

Example 109 Preparation of4-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 19.

Step 1: To a solution of 1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-chloropropan-2-ol (8.49 g,34.0 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (100 mL) under N₂ was added NaN₃ (11.05 g,170.0 mmol) and NaI (cat., 0.75 g, 5.0 mmol). The mixture was heated at75° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture wasdiluted with ether and washed with water and brine. The solution wasdried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The productwas dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. for 2 h to give1-azido-3-(3-bromophenyl)propan-2-ol as a yellow oil which was usedwithout purification. Yield (8.6 g, 98% crude).

Step 2: To a solution of 1-azido-3-(3-bromophenyl)propan-2-ol (8.59 g,33.28 mmol) in THF (60 mL) under N₂ was added PPh₃ (8.73 g, 33.28 mmol)and water (20 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for 24 h.After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with brineand extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude amine was dissolved inTHF (20 ml) and ethyl trifluoroacetate (20 ml) and stirred overnight atroom temperature. Evaporation under reduced pressure followed bypurification by flash chromatography (5% EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂) gave bromide 77as a white solid. Yield (3.72 g, 35%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.33(t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.20(m, 2H), 5.00 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.07 (m, 2H),2.70 (dd, J=13.6 Hz, 4.8, 1H), 2.55 (dd, J=14.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H).

Step 3: Coupling of bromide 77 with 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol following theprocedure described in Example 17 gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a clear oil. Yield (0.455 g, 59%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.32(t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.11 (s, 1H),4.96 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dd,J=14.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (dd, J=14.0, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.40 (m, 8H),0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 4: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the procedure described in Example 1 gave Example 109 as apale yellow oil. Yield (0.273 g, 82%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.24-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.13 (m, 2H), 5.11 (bs, 1H), 4.55 (bs, 1H),3.51-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=13.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (dd, J=13.6, 7.6Hz, 1H), 2.45 (dd, obs., 1H), 2.37 (dd, J=12.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.40(m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 110 Preparation of1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

1-((3-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 109.

Step 1: Coupling of bromide 77 with 1-ethynylcyclohexanol gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a clear oil. Yield (0.48 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.32(t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.37 (s, 1H),4.97 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.66 (dd,J=14.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (dd, J=13.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.83-1.79 (m, 2H),1.63-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.44 (m, 5H), 1.23-1.18 (m, 1H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 110 as a pale yellow solid. Yield (0.227 g, 65%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.25-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.15 (m, 2H), 5.37 (bs,1H), 4.59 (bs, 1H), 3.53-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=13.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H),2.51 (dd, J=13.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (obs m, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J=12.8, 6.8Hz, 1H), 1.83-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.45 (m, 5H),1.23-1.18 (m, 1H).

Example 111 Preparation of1-(3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the general method used in Example 109.

Step 1: Coupling of bromide 77 with 3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol gaveN-(3-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a clear oil. Yield (0.472 g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.32(t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.11 (s, 1H),4.96 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.68 (dd,J=14.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (dd, J=13.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.66-1.52 (m, 4H),0.96 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 111 as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.232 g, 69%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.15 (m, 2H), 5.11 (bs, 1H),4.55 (bs, 1H), 3.51-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=13.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51(dd, J=13.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (obs dm, J=44 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (dd, J=12.8,6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.66-1.52 (m, 4H), 0.96 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 112 Preparation of1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol

1-((3-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol was preparedfollowing the general method used in Example 109.

Step 1: Coupling of bromide 77 with 1-ethynylcyclopentanol gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a clear oil. Yield (0.441 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.32(t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.26 (bs, 10H),4.97 (bs, 1H), 3.78 (bs, 1H), 3.20-3.06 (m, 2H), 2.67 (dd, J=14.0, 4.8Hz, 1H), 2.53 (dd, J=13.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.79 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.60 (m,4H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 112 as a pale yellow solid. Yield (0.217 g, 69%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.15 (m, 2H), 5.26 (bs,1H), 4.55 (bs, 1H), 3.51-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.66 (dd, J=13.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H),2.51 (dd, J=13.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (obs dm, J=44 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (dd,J=12.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.60 (m, 4H).

Example 113 Preparation of 2-(3-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Cyclopropylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with cyclopropyl acetylenegaveN-(2-(3-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide asa clear oil. Yield (2.0 g, 71%): The crude material was directlyutilized for further deprotection reaction.

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(2-(3-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 113 as pale yellow oil. Yield (0.350 g, 52%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.19-7.24 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.93 (m, 3H), 3.90 (t, J=5.6 Hz,2H), 2.86 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.49-1.56 (m, 1H), 0.85-0.90 (m, 2H),0.72-0.77 (m, 2H): ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.4, 129.6, 124.2,123.6, 116.7, 114.9, 93.6, 75.5, 69.9, 40.7, 8.3, −0.3. ESI MS m/z 202[M+1]⁺.

Example 114 Preparation of 5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol

5-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: A mixture of bromide (19) (2.5 g, 8 mmol), pentyn-1-ol (1.34 g,16 mmol) in triethylamine (6 mL, 60 mmol) and DMF (18 mL) was purgedwith nitrogen for 10 minutes. This was followed by the addition ofPdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.28 g, 0.4 mmol), P(o-Tol)₃ (0.122 g, 0.4 mmol) and CuI(0.076 g, 0.4 mmol) and the flask was purged once again with nitrogenand the resulting mixture was heated at 90° C. overnight. This was thenpoured into water, extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer waswashed with water, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (0 to 30% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(5-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide asyellow oil. Yield (1.61 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.18-7.24 (m,1H), 7.03 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J=0.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (dd,J=5.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (bs, 1H), 4.06-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.76-3.84 (m, 4H),2.53 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.90 (m, 2H).

Step 2: To the stirred solution of the alkyne (1.6 g, 5 mmol) inMeOH-water (25 mL: 5 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (3.5 g, 25 mmol) and theresulting mixture was stirred over night. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and waterand the combined organics were washed with water and dried over Na₂SO₄.The filtered solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to giveExample 114 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.360 g, 33%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.88-6.93 (m, 2H), 4.55 (bs,2H), 3.90 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (t, J=5.6 Hz,2H), 2.44 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.63-1.71 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 159.0, 130.1, 124.8, 124.0, 117.1, 115.3, 90.8, 80.8, 70.7,59.9, 41.3, 32.0, 15.7. ESI MS m/z 220 [M+1]⁺.

Example 115 Preparation of 5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol

5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 127.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 87 (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) with4-pentyn-1-ol gave tert-butyl (3-(5-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenylethylcarbamate. (0.35 g, 69%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.17-7.24 (m,3H), 7.07-7.11 (m, 1H), 3.83 (t J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.13-3.15 (m, 2H),2.50-2.61 (m, 4H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 1.77-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl (3-(5-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)ethylcarbamate with HCl/dioxane in THF gave Example 115 hydrochloride. Yield(0.14 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.21(m, 3H), 3.48 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.40 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.68 (m, 2H).

Example 116 Preparation of 2-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Hex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following the methodused in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 1-hexyne gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide as a clearoil. Yield (1.8 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19-7.23 (m, 1H),7.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=8.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.10(t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.80 (m, 2H), 2.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.61(m, 2H), 1.43-1.50 (m, 2H), 0.95 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)-ethyl)acetamide gaveExample 116 as yellow oil. Yield (0.620 g, 90%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.20-7.25 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.93 (m, 3H), 3.91 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H),2.79-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.38 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.42-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.40(m, 2H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.9,130.1, 124.8, 124.1, 117.2, 115.3, 90.9, 80.9, 70.3, 41.1, 30.7, 21.9,18.7, 13.9. ESI MS m/z 218 [M+1]⁺.

Example 117 Preparation of 2-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(3-Methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 3-methoxy-propyne gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide asa clear oil. Yield (0.51 g, 21%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22-7.27(m, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J=6.8, 1.6 Hz,1H), 6.71 (bs, 1H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.82 (m,2H), 3.45 (s, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 117 as an off white oil. Yield (0.160 g, 47%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.27-7.32 (m, 1H), 6.96-7.05 (m, 3H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 3.97(t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.9, 130.4, 124.3, 123.7, 123.4, 117.3, 116.2, 86.2,86.1, 69.6, 59.9, 57.5, 40.8. ESI MS m/z 206 [M+1]⁺.

Example 118 Preparation of3-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol

3-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 108.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with propargyl alcohol resulted in2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas dark yellow oil. Yield (0.37 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44(s, 1H), 7.30-7.37 (m, 3H), 4.87 (m, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),3.66-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.43 (m, 1H), 2.45 (bs, 1H) 1.93-2.04 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide(0.48 g, 1.59 mmol) gave Example 118 as a pale yellow semi-solidhydrochloride. Yield (0.14 g, 42%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.17(bs, 3H), 7.29-7.35 (m, 4H), 5.5.59-5.65 (bs, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz,1H), 4.30 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 145.9, 130.2, 129.8, 128.7, 126.1, 122.5, 89.9, 84.0,69.5, 49.6, 36.5, 36.4. Mass: 206 [M+1]⁺.

Example 119 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with 4-methyl-pent-1-yne yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas dark brown oil. Yield (0.94 g, 94%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38(s, 1H), 7.25-7.35 (m, 3H), 4.86 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.44(m, 1H), 2.30 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (bs, 1H), 1.87-1.99 (m, 3H), 1.05(d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 119 as yellow oil Yield (0.508 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.29 (m, 3H), 5.12 (bs, 2H), 4.66 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.86(m, 1H), 1.67-1.72 (m, 2H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 146.8, 130.0, 128.9, 128.8, 125.7, 123.4, 89.6, 82.1, 70.7,40.6, 38.3, 28.1, 28.0, 22.3. ESI MS m/z 232 [M+1]⁺.

Example 120 Preparation of 1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 4-methyl-pent-1-yn-3-olgave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide asa clear oil. Yield (3 g, crude): The crude material was directlyutilized for further deprotection reaction.

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 120 as a yellow oil. Yield (1.858 g, 88%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.98 (m, 3H), 4.42 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H),3.92 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (bs, 2H), 1.56-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.49 (m,2H), 0.91 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.0, 130.3,124.0, 117.1, 115.8, 92.8, 833, 70.4, 61.0, 41.2, 40.1, 18.6, 14.2. ESIMS m/z 234 [M+1]⁺.

Example 121 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with 4-methoxy-but-1-yne yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a dark yellow oil. Yield (0.51 g, 51%). Compound could not bepurified completely and was forwarded as such into the next step.

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the method used in Example 132 except that the reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Example 121 wasobtained as a yellow oil. Yield (0.22 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.24 (m, 1H), 4.66 (t, J=6.4 Hz,1H), 3.50 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.69 (m, 4H) 1.65-1.77(m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.5, 129.4, 128.5, 128.2, 125.4,122.6, 87.7, 81.1, 70.4, 70.1, 57.8, 40.6, 40.1, 19.8. ESI MS m/z 234[M+1]⁺.

Example 122 Preparation of1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol was prepared followingthe method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with but-3-ynyl-benzene gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas a clear oil. Yield (2.0 g, 71%): The crude material was directlyutilized for further deprotection reaction.

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 122 as pale yellow oil. Yield (0.700 g, 35%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.28 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.89 (m, 1H),5.34 (s, 1H), 3.91 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.45-1.70(m, 5H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 0.89-0.94 (m, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ158.6, 129.8, 123.7, 123.6, 116.6, 115.2, 81.4, 70.3, 66.6, 45.9, 40.9,29.9, 17.7, 14.3. ESI MS m/z 248 [M+1]⁺.

Example 123 Preparation of(S)-1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

(S)-1-((3-(1-Aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 20.

Step 1: Diethylazodicarboxylate (17.4 g, 100 mmol) was added slowly to asolution of 3-iodophenol (18.5 g, 84 mmol), alcohol (78) 14.73 g, 84mmol), and triphenyl phosphine (26.2 g, 100 mmol) in THF (200 mL) at 0°C. under argon. The reaction was allowed to warm and stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours, heated to 80° C. for 6 hours, then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with diethyl etherand the resulting white solids removed by filtration. The filtrate wasconcentrated under reduce pressure and the residue partitioned in ethylacetate and 1 N NaOH. The organics were combined, washed with brine, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flashchromatography (5-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) on silica gel,giving the carbamate (79) as an impure yellow oil which was carried onto the next step without further purification. Yield (17.3 g, 54%).

Step 2: HCl (12 mL of a 4.8 M solution in iPrOH, 56 mmol) was added to asolution of carbamate (79) (10 g, 28 mmol) in ethyl acetate (25 mL).After stirring 1 h, the reaction mixture was filtered and the solidsdried under reduced pressure, giving the hydrochloride salt (80) as awhite solid which was carried on to the next step without purificationor analysis. Yield (2.9 g, 30%).

Step 3: Protection of amine hydrochloride (80) withethyltrifluoroacetate according the method used in Example 18, exceptthat 1 equivalent of TEA was used and the reaction was carried out indichloromethane, gave trifluoroamide (81) as a yellow oil. Yield (3.4 g,quantitative). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.29-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.26(m, 1H), 6.99 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.75 (brs, 1H),4.45-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.50 (m, 1H), 1.29 (d, J=6.4Hz, 3H).

Step 4: A mixture of trifluoroamide 81 (500 mg, 1.34 mmol),1-ethynylcyclohexanol (250 mg, 2.01 mmol), copper iodide (25 mg, 0.13mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (40 mg, 0.13 mmol), TEA (0.279 mL, 2.01 mL),and bis-chloro-triphenylphosphine palladium (91 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DMF(13 mL) was degassed, placed under argon atmosphere, and stirredovernight at 90° C. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtratepartitioned in EtOAc/water. The organic layers were combined and washedwith brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography(10-30% EtOAc/hexanes gradient) giving alkyne 82 as a yellow glassy oil.Yield (0.322 g, 65%). %). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.21 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.04-7.08 (m, 1H), 6.94-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.83-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.81 (brs,1H), 4.48-4.57 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.49 (m, 1H), 1.85-2.04(m, 3H), 1.50-1.80 (m, 8H), 1.29 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

Step 5: Deprotection of alkyne 82 according to the method used inExample 1 gave Example 123 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.200 g, 85%). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.18 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.88(m, 1H), 4.30-4.38 (m, 1H), 2.87 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.85-2.02 (m, 2H),1.50-1.80 (m, 11H), 1.25 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). ESI MS m/z 274.3 [m+H]⁺.

Example 124 Preparation of1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 4-methyl-pent-1-yn-3-olgave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-2-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas yellow oil. Yield (0.51 g, 21%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22-7.27(m, 1H), 7.08-7.12 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.88 (dd, 1H, J=6.8Hz, 1.6, 1H), 6.71 (bs, 1H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H),3.77-3.82 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.83 (m, 1H), 0.94-0.99 (m, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 124 as yellow oil. Yield (0.160 g, 47%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.90-7.00 (m, 3H), 4.21 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),3.93 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (bs, 2H), 1.77-1.83 (m, 1H), 0.94-0.99 (m,6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.5, 129.8, 123.7, 116.7, 115.2,91.0, 83.6, 69.9, 66.3, 40.7, 34.3, 18.3, 17.7. ESI MS m/z 234 [M+1]⁺.

Example 125 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was prepared followingthe method used in Example 121.

Step 4: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with ethynyl-benzene yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas yellow oil. Yield (0.78 g, 73%).

Step 5: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 125 as white semi-solid. Yield (0.3 g, 53%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.51-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 6H), 5.52(bs, 2H), 4.66 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.9, 131.8, 130.2, 129.3, 129.0,126.6, 122.7, 122.4, 89.9, 89.5, 70.5, 40.6, 38.0. ESI MS m/z 252[M+1]⁺.

Example 126 Preparation of5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamide wasprepared following the method used in Example 121.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 4 with pent-4-ynoic acid dimethylamideyielded5-(3-(1-hydroxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)propyl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamideas dark yellow oil. Yield (0.33 g, 48%). This compound had some tracesof the starting material and was used without further purification.

Step 2: Deprotection of5-(3-(1-hydroxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-propyl)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamidegave example 126 as pale yellow-oil. Yield (0.147 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.64 (bs, 2H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.32 (m, 3H), 5.59(bs, 1H), 4.66 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.80 (m,2H), 2.60 (s, 4H), 1.75-1.88 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ170.2, 145.6, 129.7, 128.5, 125.2, 123.0, 90.2, 80.3, 69.3, 40.1, 36.4,36.3, 34.9, 31.7, 14.8. ESI MS m/z 275 [M+1]⁺.

Example 127 Preparation of3-(3-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(Cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method shown in Scheme 21.

Step 1: To suspension of LiAlH₄ (0.5 g, 1.3 mmol) in diethyl ether (25mL) was added 3-bromocinnamic acid (83, 1.0 g, 4 mmol), in portions, atRT. The resulting suspension was stirred for 3 hours. The reaction wasquenched by the successive addition of 15% aq. NaOH solution (1 mL) andwater. The resulting white suspension was filtered through a pad ofCelite. The filter cake was washed with ether and then ethyl acetate.The filtrate was concentrated to afford crude 8 as yellow oil. Yield(0.7 g, 74%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.10-7.35 (m, 4H), 3.65 (t,J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.91 (m, 2H).

Step 2: To a stirred solution of alcohol 8 (1.0 g, 4.6 mmol) andtriethylamine (1.0 mL, 99 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added MsCl (0.7 mL,66 mmol) over a period of 5 min at 0° C. The resulting mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 30 min, brought up to room temp and stirred for 30min during which the conversion was complete. The mixture poured intowater and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer waswashed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. This wasfiltered and concentrated to afford the mesylate 84 as a yellow oil (1.0g, 73%). This crude product was utilized immediately for the nexttransformation.

Step 3: To a solution of crude mesylate 84 (1.0 g, 3.4 mmol) in DMF (8mL) was added NaN₃ (0.44 g, 6.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirredat 80° C. for 1 h. This was cooled, poured into water and extracted withethyl acetate. The combined organics were washed with water and brine,dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Filtration, followed by concentration underreduced pressure afforded 85 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.7 g, 85%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.32-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.20 (m, 2H), 3.29 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.94 (m, 2H).

Step 4: To a solution of azide 85 (15 g, 62.7 mmol) in a mixture of THF(133 mL) and water (13 mL) was added Ph₃P (16 g, 62.7 mmol) at roomtemperature. The mixture was stirred for 48 hr during which theconversion was found to be complete. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the resulting residue was carried forward to thenext step.

Step 5: The amine 86 was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (300 mL) and water(180 mL). K₂CO₃ (17.2 g, 120 mmol), (Boc)₂O (14 mL, 60 mmol) weresuccessively added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hour. After removalof 1,4-dioxane under reduced pressure, the aqueous phase was extractedwith ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water and brine,dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. This was concentrated to afford crudeyellow oil. Purification by flash chromatography (0-9% ethylacetate:Hexane gradient) gave a 87 as pale yellow oil. Yield (15 g,79%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.2 (m, 2H),4.53 (bs, 1H), 3.14 (m, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.84 (m, 2H),1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 6: To a degassed solution of bromide 87 (1.0 g, 3.1 mmol) andcyclopropyl acetylene (2.9 mL, 3.4 mmol, 70% soln in toluene) indiisopropylamine (4 mL) was added PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.120 g, 0.17 mmol),tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.048 g, 0.16 mmol) and CuI (0.026 g, 0.16 mmol).The resulting mixture was degassed and stirred under nitrogen at 90° C.for overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned betweenwater and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purificationby flash chromatography (10-40% ethyl acetate-hexane gradient) gavetert-butyl-[3-(3-cyclopropylethynyl-phenyl)-propyl carbamate (88). Yield(0.756 g, 79%). This alkyne was used for deprotection without furtherpurification.

Step 7: Alkyne 88 was dissolved in THF (4.0 mL) and HCl in dioxane (5mL, 4M) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h.Concentration under reduced pressure followed by triturated with hexanegave Example 127 hydrochloride as a yellow semi-solid. Yield (0.2 g,85%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.19 (m, 3H),2.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H),1.44-1.51 (m, 1H), 0.84-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.64-0.68 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, DMSO-d₆): 141.2, 131.1, 128.9, 127.9, 123.2, 93.6, 75.6, 8.1, 31.4,28.4, 8.3, −0.3. ESI MS m/z 200 [M+1]⁺

Example 128 Preparation of 2-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(4-Methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 4-methoxybut-1-yne gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide asyellow oil. Yield (0.45 g, 45%): This material was directly utilized forthe deprotection reaction.

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(4-methoxybut-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 128 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.120 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.96 (m, 3H), 3.90 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),3.49 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.84 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.6, 129.7, 124.1, 123.6,116.7, 115.0, 87.9, 80.9, 70.3, 70.0, 57.9, 40.9, 19.9. ESI MS m/z 220[M+1]⁺.

Example 129 Preparation of1-(2-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol

1-(2-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 1-ethynyl-cyclooctanolgave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclooctyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas a clear oil. Yield (1.3 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91-6.96 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.13 (m,2H), 2.00-2.06 (m, 6H), 1.48-1.72 (m, 1H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclooctyl)-ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 129 as a yellow oil. Yield (1.858 g, 88%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 3.94 (t,J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.80-1.92 (m, 5H), 1.50-1.60 (m,7H), 1.42-1.44 (m, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.5, 129.8,123.8, 123.6, 116.7, 115.1, 95.7, 81.6, 69.7, 40.6, 37.7, 27.6, 24.1,21.7. ESI MS m/z 234 [M+1]⁺.

Example 130 Preparation of5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol

5-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with pent-4-yn-1-ol gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas brown oil. Yield (1.46 g, 69%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38 (s,1H), 7.22-7.34 (m, 3H), 4.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H),3.65-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (bs,1H) 1.93-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.88 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave example 130 as yellow oil. Yield (0.64 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.25-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.22 (m, 1H) 4.66 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (bs, 1H), 3.52 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.57-2.66 (m, 2H),2.44 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.60-1.70 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ147.2, 129.8, 129.0, 128.7, 125.7, 123.3, 90.6, 81.1, 71.1, 59.9, 41.8,38.9, 32.0, 15.7. ESI MS m/z 234 [M+1]⁺.

Example 131 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132 except that the deprotectionwas carried out at RT for 16 h.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with ethynylcyclopropane yieldedN-(3-(3-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas dark brown oil. Yield (0.8 g, 83%). This used without furtherpurification in the next transformation.

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 131 as yellow oil. Yield (0.13 g, 24%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.33 (m, 4H), 4.64 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.65-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.56 (m, 1H), 0.86-0.91 (m, 2H), 0.69-0.73(m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.2, 129.5, 128.5, 128.3, 125.1,122.8, 93.5, 75.7, 70.1, 40.1, 37.6, 8.34, −0.3. ESI MS m/z 216 [M+1]⁺.

Example 132 1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 107.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 (3 g, 9.2 mmol) with hex-1-yn-3-olyielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas yellow oil. Yield (2.31 g, 73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42 (s,1H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 3H), 4.86 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dd, J=2.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H),3.67-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.38 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.95-1.99(m, 2H), 1.75-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.57 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: A mixture of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide,potassium carbonate (0.438 g, 3.26 mmol) and water (2 mL) in 2-PrOH (10mL) was heated under reflux overnight. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography, eluent 10% (9.5:0.5 MeOH—NH₃)-DCM gave Example 132 as ayellow oil. Yield (0.42 g, 49%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.36(m, 4H), 6.90 (bs, 2H), 5.44 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),4.44 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.79-1.83 (m, 2H),1.60-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.47 (m, 2H), 0.93 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 145.8, 129.7, 128.5, 128.4, 125.6, 122.3, 92.4,83.0, 69.5, 60.5, 37.0, 36.6, 18.2, 13.7. ESI MS m/z 248 [M+1]⁺.

Example 133 Preparation of3-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine

3-(3-(4-Methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine was prepared followingthe method used in Example 127.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 87 (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) with4-methyl-1-pentyne (0.2 mL, 2.4 mmol) gave tert-butyl3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenylcarbamate. Yield (0.35 g, 69%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.16-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (bs, 1H),3.12-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H),1.84-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.04 (d, J=6.8 Hz,6H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl 3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenylcarbamate with HCl/dioxane in THF gave Example 133 hydrochloride as apale yellow solid. Yield (0.2 g, 64%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.23-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.21 (m, 3H), 2.76 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 141.2, 131.0, 128.9, 128.6, 127.9,123.3, 38.1, 31.4, 28.4, 27.6, 27.5, 21.7. ESI MS m/z 216 [M+1]⁺.

Example 134 Preparation of5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)-phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)-phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with pent-4-ynoic acidmethylamide gaveN-methyl-5-(3-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)ethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamideas a clear oil. Yield (1.4 g, crude). The crude material was usedwithout further purification in the next step.

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-methyl-5-(3-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)ethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamidegave Example 134 as a brown solid. Yield (0.110 g, 10%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.27-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.00 (m, 3H), 4.14-4.17 (m, 2H),3.18 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.58-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.32 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 170.6, 157.7, 129.8, 124.3, 124.2,117.0, 115.1, 90.0, 80.2, 64.4, 38.2, 34.2, 25.4, 15.2. ESI MS m/z 266[M+1]⁺.

Example 135 Preparation of5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylpent-4-ynamide was preparedfollowing the method us

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with pent-4-ynoic acidN,N-dimethyl amide gaveN,N-dimethyl-5-(3-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)ethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.9 g, 50%): The crude material was used withoutfurther purification in the next step.

Step 2: Deprotection ofN,N-dimethyl-5-(3-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-ethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamidegave Example 135 as a brown oil. Yield (0.14 g, 55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.28 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.97 (m, 3H), 4.0 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),2.94-3.0 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 6H), 2.57-2.62 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 170.2, 158.2, 158.0, 157.7, 129.8, 124.3, 123.9, 116.8,115.0, 90.3, 80.2, 36.6, 34.9, 31.6, 14.8. ESI MS m/z 261 [M+1]⁺.

Example 136 Preparation of1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol

1-(2-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol wasprepared following the method used in Example 131.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with 1-ethynyl-cyclooctanol yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclooctyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas yellow oil. Yield (0.54 g, 44%). This compound was used withoutfurther purification in the next step.

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclooctyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 136 as a white solid Yield (0.26 g, 64%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.20-7.29 (m, 4H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.66 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),2.55-2.62 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.60 (m,8H), 1.40-1.42 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 147.0, 129.2,128.5, 128.2, 125.6, 122.3, 95.4, 81.9, 70.8, 69.7, 42.4, 40.1, 39.9,37.7, 27.5, 24.0, 21.7. ESI MS m/z 302 [M+1]⁺.

Example 137 Preparation of 5-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamide was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 6 with pent-4-ynoic acid amidegave 5-(3-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)ethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamide as aclear oil. Yield (0.8 g, 50%): This compound was used without furtherpurification in the next step.

Step 2: Deprotection of5-(3-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)ethoxy)phenyl)pent-4-ynamide gaveExample 137 as pale yellow oil. Yield (0.093 g, 16%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.88-6.94 (m, 3H), 3.92 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),2.88 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.59 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 172.4, 158.5, 129.7, 124.2, 123.7, 116.8,114.9, 89.9, 80.3, 69.6, 40.6, 34.1, 15.0. ESI MS m/z 233 [M+1]⁺.

Example 1385-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamideoctanol

5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 22.

Step 1: To a solution of 24 (17 g, 74 mmol) in DCM (250 mL) was added(Boc)₂O (21.5 mL, 89 mmol) and triethylamine (15.5 mL, 111 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h, then dilutedwith DCM (250 mL) and washed with satd. NaHCO₃ solution. The organiclayer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by flash chromatography (0 to 30% EtOAc-hexanesgradient) gave 89 as a yellow oil. Yield (15.2 g, 61%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.20 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (bs, 1H), 4.69-4.71 (m, 1H), 3.60 (bs, 1H),3.53-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.18 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Sonogashira reaction of 89 with pent-4-ynoic acid methyl amidegave tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-methylamino)-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamateas dark brown oil. Yield (0.27 g, 36%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.39(s, 1H), 7.26-7.30 (m, 3H), 5.64 (bs, 1H), 4.85 (bs, 1H), 4.69-4.71 (m,1H), 3.46-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.35 (bs, 10H), 3.11-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.85 (d,J=4.8 Hz, 3H), 2.73 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.55-1.84(m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 3: To a solution of tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-(methylamino)-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl) propylcarbamate (0.7 g, 2.1 mmol) inMeOH-THF (1:1, 10 mL) was added HCl in Dioxane (0.7 mL, 4M) and theresulting reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at RT. The mixture wasevaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (0-15% MeOH-DCM gradient) gave Example 14 hydrochlorideas yellow solid. Yield (0.17 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.27-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.27 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.66 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.82 (m,2H), 2.60-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.90 (m,2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 171.1, 146.1, 130.3, 128.9, 128.8,125.7, 123.4, 90.3, 81.0, 69.7, 36.9, 36.8, 34.8, 25.9, 15.6. ESI MS m/z261 [M+1]⁺.

Example 139 3-amino-1-(3-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 132.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with 1,3-dichloro-2-ethynyl-benzenegaveN-(3-(3-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas dark brown oil. Yield (0.32 g, 37%). This compound could not beseparated completely from the starting bromide and was used directly inthe step.

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave example 139 as a yellow solid. Yield (0.149 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.69 (bs, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H),7.43-7.53 (m, 4H), 5.71 (bs, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 2H),1.82-1.95 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.2, 136.0, 130.8,128.9, 128.5, 128.2, 127.0, 121.8, 121.2, 118.8, 115.8, 99.6, 83.0,69.3, 36.5, 36.4. ESI MS m/z 320 [M+1]⁺.

Example 1405-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamideoctanol

5-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide wasprepared following the method used in Example 138.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 24 with 1-ethynyl-cyclobutanol yieldedtert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate asyellow oil. Yield (1.5 g, 70%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.45 (s,1H), 7.27-7.34 (m, 3H), 4.85 (bs, 1H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.51 (m, 2H),3.14-3.16 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.49 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.90 (m,4H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl carbamate gave example 140hydrochloride as a pale yellow semi-solid. Yield (0.161 g, 30%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.28-7.36 (m, 4H), 4.64-4.67 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.86 (m,2H), 2.30-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.90 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 145.8, 129.7, 128.5, 128.4, 125.6, 122.3, 94.6,81.6, 69.1, 66.2, 40.1, 36.5, 36.2, 12.8. ESI MS m/z 246 [M+1]⁺.

Example 141 Preparation of4-((3-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was prepared followingthe method used in Example 18.

Step 1. Condensation of 3-bromophenethylamine with ethyltrifluoroacetate gave N-(3-bromophenethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide as acolorless oil. Yield (3.30 g, quant.). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40(ddd, J=7.8, 1.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.13 (m, 1H), 6.32 (br s, 1H), 3.61 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H),2.87 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 2. N-(3-Bromophenethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide was coupled withalkynol 20 following the procedure described in Example 18 except thatthe reaction was run for 17 h to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenethyl)-acetamideas a brown oil after purification by flash chromatography (10% to 50%EtOAc in hexanes gradient). Yield (0.975 g, 66%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.32 (dt, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.15 (m,1H), 6.27 (br.s, 1H), 3.61 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H),1.95 (s, 1H), 1.66-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.64 (m, 4H), 0.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz,6H).

Step 3. Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenethyl)acetamidewas done following the procedure described in Example 1 except that thereaction was stirred at 40° C. for 18. Purification by flashchromatography (75% to 100% of 20% 7N NH₃/MeOH in EtOAc-hexanesgradient) gave Example 141 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.385 g, 54%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.29 (m, 3H), 5.12 (s,1H), 2.72 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.59 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.40-1.60 (m, 8H),0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 141.7, 132.2,129.4, 129.2, 123.2, 94.6, 83.4, 70.3, 44.9, 44.2, 40.1, 18.0, 15.0; ESIMS m/z 260.4 [M+H]⁺; RP-HPLC 100.0% (AUC, 220 nm).

Example 142 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-one oxime

3-Amino-1-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-one oxime wasprepared following the methods used in Example 18 and 11.

Step 1. N-(3-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-oxopropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (63)was coupled with alkynol 20 following the procedure described in Example18 except that the reaction was run at 80° C. for 3 h to give3-amino-1-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-one as a darkamber oil after purification by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc inhexanes). Yield (28.1 g, 99.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.40 (br.t, 1H), 7.84-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.50 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),5.19 (s, 1H), 3.51 (q, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.40-1.63(m, 8H), 0.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2. To a solution of3-amino-1-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-one (0.236 g,0.62 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.109 g, 1.56 mmol) in EtOH(abs, 10 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.72 mmol) and thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days.Concentration under reduced pressure followed by the flashchromatography of the residue (10% to 100% EtOAc in hexanes gradient)afforded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-(hydroxyimino)propyl)acetamideas a colorless oil. Yield (0.225 g, 91%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ11.5 (s, 1H), 9.50 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.40 (m,2H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 3.34 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H),1.39-1.62 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 3. Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-(hydroxyimino)propyl)acetamidewas done following the procedure described in Example 1 except that thereaction was stirred at 40° C. for 18 hrs. Purification by flashchromatography (50% to 100% of 20% 7N NH₃/MeOH in EtOAc-hexanesgradient) gave Example 142 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.056 g, 33%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.59-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.37 (m, 2H), 5.15 (s,1H), 2.74-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.66 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.63 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t,J=7.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 155.4, 137.4, 131.8, 129.5,129.0, 126.5, 123.5, 95.1, 83.1, 70.3, 44.9, 39.5, 30.8, 18.0, 15.0; ESIMS m/z 260.4 [M+H]⁺; RP-HPLC 100.0% (AUC, 220 nm).

Example 143 Preparation of2-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

2-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was prepared followingthe method shown in Example 1:

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 3 with 2-ethynylcyclohexanolfollowed by flash chromatography (5-50% EtOAc/hexanes gradient), gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((2-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. Yield (1.2 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.18-7.28(m, 3H), 7.06-7.30 (m, 3H), 6.33 (brs, 1H), 3.48-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.36 (appq, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.38-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.32 (brs,1H), 2.02-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.91 (quint, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 1H),1.66-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.40 (m, 4H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-((2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by flash chromatography (10% (7N NH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane)gave Example 143 as an orange oil. Yield (0.606 g, 69%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.16-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.08-7.12 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.56 (m, 1H),2.71 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.38-2.46 (m, 1H),2.01-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.82 (m, 7H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.40 (m,3H).

Example 144 Preparation of2-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

2-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was prepared followingthe method shown in Example 18

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 19 with 2-ethynylcyclohexanolfollowed by flash chromatography (5-50% EtOAc/hexanes gradient), gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((2-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. Yield (0.88 g, 31%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.18 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.98 (brs, 1H), 6.91-6.92 (m,1H), 6.79-6.83 (m, 1H), 4.05-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.74 (app q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H),3.48-3.56 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.00-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.80 (m,2H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.14-1.40 (m, 4H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidefollowed by purification by flash chromatography (10% (7NNH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane) gave Example 144 as a white solid. Yield(0.29 g, 45%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.18 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),6.98-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.95 (m, 1H), 6.83-6.86 (m, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=5.2Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.08 (brs, 2H), 2.38-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.01-2.10(m, 2H), 1.55-2.00 (brs, 1H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.74 (m, 2H),1.40-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.40 (m, 3H).

Example 145 Preparation of2-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol

2-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Example 19:

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 25 with 2-ethynylcyclohexanolfollowed by flash chromatography (5-50%-EtOAc/hexanes gradient), gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((2-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. Yield (1.9 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.39-7.41(m, 1H), 7.23-7.36 (m, 4H), 4.84 (q, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.62-3.72 (m, 1H),3.50-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.44 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.18 (brs, 2H),1.90-2.10 (m, 4H), 1.66-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.40 (m,3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((2-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowed by flash chromatography (10% (7N NH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane)gave Example 145 as a light yellow glassy solid. Yield (0.402 g, 29%):¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.31 (m, 3H), 4.92(dd, J=8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.05-3.12 (m, 1H), 3.01(brs, 4H), 2.90-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.09 (m, 2H),1.81-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.81 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.14-1.40 (m,3H).

Example 146 Preparation of1-(2-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclobutanol

1-(2-(3-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclobutanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 18.

Step 7: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 1-ethynyl-cyclobutanolgave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.85 g, 39%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.27-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.92-7.03 (m, 3H), 4.09-4.13 (m, 4H), 3.54-3.58 (m,2H), 2.33-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.81 (m, 2H).

Step 8: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 146 as brown oil. Yield (0.09 g, 31%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.25-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.96 (m, 2H),3.95 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.33-2.35 (m, 2H),2.16-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.78 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ158.5, 129.8, 123.7, 123.6, 116.7, 115.4, 94.6, 81.5, 69.5, 66.6, 38.6,12.8. ESI MS m/z 232 [M+1]⁺.

Example 147 Preparation of1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 138.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 24 with 4-methyl-pent-1-yn-3-ol yieldedtert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate asdark brown oil. Yield (1.73 g, 81%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44 (s,1H), 7.28-7.34 (m, 3H), 4.86 (bs, 1H), 4.72 (bs, 1H), 4.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz,1H), 3.46-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.19 (m, 1H), 1.78-2.04 (m, 4H), 1.45 (s,9H), 1.02 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamatefollowing the method used in Example 138 except that EtOAc was used assolvent gave Example 147 hydrochloride as a pale yellow semi-solid Yield(0.31 g, 56%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.80-7.98 (bs, 2H), 7.30-7.37(m, 4H), 5.44 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (bs, 1H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 2.82 (m,2H), 1.80-1.83 (m, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.3, 130.2, 129.0, 128.9, 126.1, 122.8,91.5, 84.2, 69.5, 66.7, 36.9, 36.7, 34.8, 18.8, 18.2. ESI MS m/z 248[M+1]⁺.

Example 148 Preparation of1-(2-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclobutanol

1-(2-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclobutanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 127:

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 87 with 1-ethynyl-cyclobutanolgave tert-butyl3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a brownoil. Yield (0.32 g, 61%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.11-7.30 (m, 4H),4.52 (bs, 1H), 3.10-3.16 (m, 2H), 2.62 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.42-2.56 (m,2H), 2.22-2.40 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.91 (m, 4H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate withHCl/dioxane in THF afforded a yellow oil after work-up. The crudeproduct was dissolved in a small quantity of methanolic NH₃ (2 M) andapplied onto a silica column. Purification by flash chromatography(0-(9.5-0.5) MeOH—NH₃)-DCM gradient) gave Example 148 as a yellow oil.Yield (0.09 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.33 (m, 4H), 2.74(t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.33-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.26(m, 2H), 1.72-1.86 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 141.5, 131.1,128.9, 128.7, 128.5, 122.6, 94.6, 81.6, 66.6, 38.6, 38.3, 31.5, 28.9,12.8. ESI MS m/z 230 [M+1]⁺.

Example 149 Preparation of1-(2-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol

1-(2-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclooctanol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 23:

Step 1: To a solution of amine 86 (0.68 g, 2.9 mmol) in THF (5 mL) wasadded ethyl trifluoroacetate (0.9 mL, 6 mmol) at room temperature. Themixture was stirred at room temperature under inert atmosphereovernight. Upon removal of solvent under reduced pressure, the reactionmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washedwith water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated underreduced pressure to giva a yellow oil. Purification by flashchromatography (0-10% ethyl acetate:hexane gradient) gave 3 as a paleyellow oil. Yield (0.61 g, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.33-7.37 (m,2H), 7.15-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.12 (m, 1H), 6.24 (bs, 1H), 3.37-3.42 (m,2H), 2.66 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.88-1.96 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 3 with 1-ethynyl-cyclooctanolgave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(2-(1-hydroxycyclooctyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide.Yield (0.344 g, 47%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H),7.15-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.13 (m, 1H), 6.23 (bs, 1H), 3.36-3.42 (m, 2H),1.48-2.07 (m, 18H).

Step 3: To a solution of alkyne 91 (0.34 g, 0.8 mmol) in methanol (5.0mL) was added K₂CO₃ (0.25 g, 1.7 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for overnight. The mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between water andethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purificationby flash chromatography (0-10% (9.5-0.5 MeOH—NH₃)-DCM gradient) affordedExample 149 as yellow oil. Yield (0.12 g, 47%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.19 (m, 3H), 2.56-2.62 (m, 4H),1.83-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.70 (m, 9H), 1.42-1.50 (m, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, DMSO-d₆): 142.9, 131.5, 129.1, 129.0, 128.8, 123.1, 100.0, 96.0,82.2, 70.2, 38.2, 33.6, 32.4, 28.0, 24.5, 22.2. ESI MS m/z 286 [M+1]⁺.

Example 150 Preparation of5-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-pent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-pent-4-ynamide was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 138.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 24 with pent-4-ynoic acid amide yieldedtert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-amino-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate asyellow oil which was used directly in the next reaction. Yield (580 mg,78%).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-amino-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate gaveExample 150 hydrochloride as pale yellow semi-solid. Yield (110 mg,51%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.29 (m, 4H), 4.63-4.66 (m, 1H),2.77-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.59 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.75-1.84 (m, 2H), ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 172.9, 146.2, 130.2,128.9, 100.0, 125.7, 123.4, 90.3, 81.0, 69.8, 37.5, 36.9, 34.6, 15.5,ESI MS m/z 247 [M+1]⁺.

Example 151 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(2-cyclooctylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(2-cyclooctylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 138.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 24 with ethynyl cyclooctane yieldedtert-butyl 3-(3-(2-cyclooctylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate aslight yellow oil. Yield (470 mg, 91%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.39(s, 1H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 3H), 4.86 (bs, 1H), 4.72 (m, 1H), 3.23 (bs, 1H),3.11-3.19 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.79 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.81 (m,6H), 1.53-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.27 (m, 2H).

Step 5: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(2-cyclooctylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropylcarbamate gave Example151 hydrochloride as pale yellow semi-solid. Yield (86 mg, 34%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.77-7.94 (bs, 3H), 7.23-7.33 (m, 4H), 5.60 (bs,1H), 4.65-4.69 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.84 (m, 3H), 1.77-1.89 (m, 8H), 1.12-1.24(m, 8H), ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.1, 130.2, 128.9, 125.6, 123.6,95.6, 81.0, 69.6, 37.0, 36.7, 31.5, 30.4, 27.4, 25.3, 24.4, ESI MS m/z286 [M+1]⁺.

Example 152 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 138.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 24 with 5-methoxy-pent-1-yne gavetert-butyl-3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate as a yellowoil. Yield (280 mg, 27%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (s, 1H),7.22-7.29 (m, 3H), 4.86 (bs, 1H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 3.52 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H),3.45-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.13-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.49 (t, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.82-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl-3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate gave Example 152 hydrochloride as a pale yellowsemi-solid Yield (151 mg, 68%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.67 (bs,2H), 7.26-7.35 (m, 4H), 5.60 (bs, 1H), 4.65-4.69 (m, 1H), 3.44 (t,J=6.4, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.80-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.46 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.72-1.87 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.1, 130.2, 128.9,125.7, 123.4, 90.4, 81.2, 70.9, 69.7, 58.4, 36.9, 36.7, 28.7, 15.9. MS:248 [M+1]⁺.

Example 153 Preparation of(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method described in Scheme 16 for the absolutestereochemistry determination of Example 100.

Step 1. Sonogashira coupling between aryl bromide (64) and4-phenylbutyne following the method used in Example 1 except that thereaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 4 h, and then at 60° C. for17 h, afforded crude(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas a light yellow oil which was used in the next step withoutpurification. Yield (0.49 g, 77%).

Step 2. Deprotection of(R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidefollowing the method used in Example 100 (Determination of the AbsoluteStereochemistry) gave Example 153 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.195 g,60%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.31-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.29 (m, 8H),4.67 (dd, J=8.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.64-2.74 (m, 4H),1.72-1.85 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 145.6, 140.9, 130.1,128.8, 128.7, 128.4, 128.2, 126.1, 125.1, 124.1, 89.0, 81.1, 72.0, 71.9,41.5, 38.4, 35.0, 21.2; RP-HPLC, 96.4% (AUC); LCMS m/z=280.2.

Example 154 Preparation of4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-5-chlorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-5-chlorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Examples 107, 10 and 1.

Step 1: Alkylation of 5-bromo-3-chlorobenzaldehyde with acetonitrilegave 3-(5-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile as a clear oil.Yield (3.21 g, 54%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.62 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.58-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.49-4.48 (m, 1H), 6.18 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.90(m, 1H), 2.93 (ABd, J=16.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (ABd, J=17.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: Reduction of 3-(5-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrilewith BH₃-THF followed by protection of the amine gaveN-(3-(5-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a clear oil. Yield (3.15 g, 71%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.30(bs, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.394-7.387 (m,1H), 5.57 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.15 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.70 (m, 2H).

Step 3:N-(3-(5-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas coupled with alkynol 20 following the procedure described in Example10 to giveN-(3-(3-chloro-5-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.02 g, 66%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.30 (bs, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 5.51 (d, J=4.8, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 3.30-3.14 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.69 (m,2H), 1.62-1.39 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 4:N-(3-(3-chloro-5-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas deprotected following the procedure in Example 1 to give Example 154as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.68 g, 87%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.33 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (bs,1H), 4.68-4.65 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.40 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 155 Preparation of4-((5-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-2-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((5-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-2-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 154.

Step 1: Alkylation of 3-bromo-4-fluorobenzaldehyde with acetonitrilegave 3-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile as a pale yellowoil. Yield (4.2 g, 70%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.71 (dd, J=6.8,2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J=8.4, 5.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H),6.08 (bs, 1H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 2.90 (ABd, J=16.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (ABd,J=16.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: Reduction of 3-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrilewith BH₃-THF followed by protection of the amine gaveN-(3-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a clear oil. Yield (4.3 g, 73%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.31(bs, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.30 (t,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.56 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.15 (m,2H), 1.84-1.71 (m, 2H).

Step 3:N-(3-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas coupled with alkynol 20 to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(4-fluoro-3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.37 g, 78%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.31 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H),7.18 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.54(m, 1H), 3.28-3.16 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.41 (m, 8H), 0.89(t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 4:2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(4-fluoro-3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)acetamidewas deprotected to give Example 155) as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.85g, 82%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.35 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H),7.31-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (bs, 1H), 4.64 (t, J=6.4Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.52 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.42 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 156 Preparation of4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-chlorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-chlorophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 154.

Step 1: Alkylation of 5-bromo-2-chlorobenzaldehyde with acetonitrilegave 3-(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile as a pale yellowliquid. Yield (4.42 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.74 (d, J=2.8Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (d,J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.13-5.09 (m, 1H), 2.96 (ABd, J=16.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.83(ABd, J=17.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: Reduction of 3-(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrilewith BH₃-THF followed by protection of the amine gaveN-(3-(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas an orange oil. Yield (2.6 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.42(bs, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.29 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.80 (m,1H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 1H).

Step 3:N-(3-(5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas coupled with alkynol 20 to giveN-(3-(2-chloro-5-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (1.03 g, 68%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.42 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.23 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 2.0, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H),4.87-4.82 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.28 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.39 (m,9H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 4:N-(3-(2-chloro-5-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas deprotected to give Example 156 as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.77 g,98%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.53 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J J=8.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (bs, 1H), 4.93 (dd, J=8.8,2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.63 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.39 (m, 9H),0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 157 Preparation of4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 107.

Step 1: Alkylation of 3-bromo-5-methoxybenzaldehyde with acetonitrilegave 3-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile as a paleyellow oil. Yield (4.1 g, 70%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.16-7.15(m, 1H), 7.04-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.97-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.04 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),4.87-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.89 (ABd, J=16.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.81(ABd, J=16.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H).

Example 158 Preparation of 2-(3-(5-Methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(5-Methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with 5-methoxy-pent-1-ynegave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamide asa brown oil. Yield (1.2 g, 57%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.19-7.23(m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 6.82 (dd, J=8.0, 2.4 Hz,1H), 4.09 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.76-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.52 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H),3.36 (s, 3H), 2.50 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.83-1.90 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 158 as brown oil. Yield (0.125 g, 31%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.96 (m, 3H), 3.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),3.43 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.89 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.45 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.79 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.4,129.7, 124.2, 123.4, 116.8, 114.9, 89.9, 80.6, 70.4, 69.4, 57.9, 40.5,28.2, 15.5. ESI MS m/z 234 [M+1]⁺.

Example 159 Preparation of4-((3-((1R,2R)-3-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-((1R,2R)-3-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-olwas prepared following the method shown in Scheme 24.

Step 1. To a mixture of 3-bromobenzaldehyde (22) (4.16 g, 22.5 mmol),(R)-4-benzyl-3-propionyloxazolidin-2-one (92) (5.111 g, 21.9 mmol) andanhydrous MgCl₂ (0.21 g, 2.23 mmol) in ethyl acetate (40 mL) was addedEt₃N (6.3 mL, 45.2 mmol) and chlorotrimethylsilane (4.3 mL, 34.0 mmol)under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred for 22 hrs at roomtemperature, then filtered through a layer of a silica gel, washing withEtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography (2 to 25% EtOAc/hexanegradient) to give oxazolidinone 93 as a colorless oil. Yield (9.79 g,91%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.56 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (ddd,J=1.2, 2.0, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dt, J=1.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.35 (m,6H), 4.94 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.67-4.75 (m, 1H), 4.30 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H),4.12 (dd, J=2.9, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.02 (dd, J=3.1, 13.5Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=7.4, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 0.78 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), −0.09(s, 9H).

Step 2. To an ice-cold solution of LiBH₄ (2M in THF, 65 mL, 130 mmol)was added MeOH (2.6 mL, 64.2 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 5 mins. A solution of oxazolidinone 93 (9.59 g, 19.6 mmol) inanhydrous THF (170 mL) was added and reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C. for 1.5 hrs and then at room temperature for 1.5 hrs. An aqueoussolution of NH₄Cl (25%, 75 mL) was added slowly to reaction mixture forover 1 hr followed by addition of EtOAc and stirring was continued atroom temperature until the mixture became clear. The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combinedorganic layers were washed with saturated brine, dried with anhydrousMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by flash chromatography (5 to 30% EtOAc/hexane gradient) togive alcohol 94 as colorless oil. Yield (2.97 g, 48%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.38-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.27 (m, 2H), 4.58 (d, J=6.85 Hz,1H), 4.38 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.29 (m, 1H),1.73-1.80 (m, 1H), 0.61 (d, J=6.85 Hz, 3H), −0.05 (s, 9H).

Step 3. DEAD (1.9 mL, 11.4 mmol) was added to a solution of alcohol 94(2.97 g, 9.36 mmol), phthalimide (1.52 g, 10.3 mmol) and Ph₃P (3.02 g,11.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 hr. The solvent was concentrated under reducedpressure to give an orange residue which was vigorously stirred with 10%EtOAc in hexanes. The triphenylphosphine oxide precipitated and wasremoved by filtration, washing with 5% EtOAc in hexanes. The filtratewas concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified byflash chromatography (5 to 30% EtOAc/hexane gradient) to give bromide 95as colorless oil. Yield (3.97 g, 95%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.76-7.80 (m, 4H), 7.47 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.22 (t,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=5.7, 13.7 Hz, 1H),3.38 (dd, J=8.8, 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.24-2.32 (m, 1H), 0.68 (d, J=6.8 Hz,3H), −0.03 (s, 9H).

Step 4: Deprotection of2-((2R,3R)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-2-methyl-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)propyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione(95) following method used in Example 17 gave(1R,2R)-3-amino-1-(3-bromophenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (96) as acolorless oil that is directly used in next step reaction withoutfurther purification.

Step 5: Protection of(1R,2R)-3-amino-1-(3-bromophenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (96) was performedfollowing the method used in Example 1. Purification by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 5% to 30% of 20% EtOAc/hexanes gradient)gaveN-((2R,3R)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide(97) as a colorless oil. Yield (1.38 g, 81%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ 9.21 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dt, J=7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H),7.25-7.29 (m, 2H), 5.49 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (dd, J=6.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H),3.23-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.01-3.08 (m, 1H), 1.92-2.08 (m, 1H), 0.68 (d, J=6.8Hz, 3H).

Step 6: Coupling of bromide 97 and 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol was performedfollowing the method used in Example 1 (silica gel, 40% to 60% ofEtOAc/hexanes gradient) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropyl)acetamide(98) as a light yellow oil. Yield (0.01 g, 25%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,MeOH-d₄) δ 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.30 (m, 3H), 4.40 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.45(dd, J=13.6, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=13.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.03-2.12 (m,1H), 1.52-1.99 (m, 8H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 0.76 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Step 7: Deprotection of 98 was performed following the method used inExample 1 gave Example 159 as a light yellow oil. Yield (0.04 g, 45%):¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.30 (m, 3H), 4.39 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J=12.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=12.8, 6.0 Hz,1H), 1.79-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.72 (m, 8H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 0.76(d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 160 Preparation of1-((3-((1R,2R)-3-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol

1-((3-((1R,2R)-3-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-cyclopentanolwas prepared following the method used in Example 159.

Step 1: Coupling of bromide 97 and 1-ethynylcyclopentanol was performedfollowing the method used in Example 18 except using triethyl amine assolvent and no phosphine (silica gel, 50% to 65% of EtOAc/hexanesgradient) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropyl)acetamideas a light yellow oil. Yield (0.33 g, 89%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ7.38 (s, 1H), 7.25-7.33 (m, 3H), 4.40 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (dd,J=13.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=13.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.95-2.10 (m, 5H),1.73-1.88 (m, 4H), 0.76 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropyl)acetamidewas performed following the method used in Example 11 to give Example160 as a light yellow solid. Yield (0.07 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,MeOH-d₄) δ 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.80 (m, 3H), 4.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.32(dd, J=12.8, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.8, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.54 (m,9H), 1.22 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 161 Preparation of(R)-3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

(R)-3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 16.

Step 1. Sonogashira coupling between aryl bromide 64 and4-cyclohexanebutyne following the method used in Example 153 afforded(R)-N-(3-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a brownish oil. Yield (0.672 g, 88%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.32 (br. t, 1H), 7.28-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.23 (m,1H), 5.35 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dt, J=4.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15-3.27 (m,2H), 2.39 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.84 (m, 7H), 1.30-1.50 (m, 3H),1.05-1.30 (m, 3H), 0.78-0.92 (m, 2H).

Step 2. Deprotection of(R)-N-(3-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidefollowing the method used in Example 153 gave Example 161 as a colorlessoil. Yield (0.377 g, 75%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.33-7.35 (m, 1H),7.19-7.28 (m, 3H), 4.68 (dd, J=5.3, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.40(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.90 (m, 7H), 1.40-1.51 (m, 3H), 1.13-1.33 (m,3H), 0.85-0.95 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 145.6, 130.1, 128.8,128.1, 125.0, 124.3, 89.8, 80.4, 72.0, 41.6, 38.4, 36.9, 36.3, 32.9,26.6, 26.2, 16.3; RP-HPLC t_(R)=7.65 min, 92.0% (AUC); LC-MS m/z=286.4[M+H]⁺.

Example 162 Preparation of4-((5-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((5-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 107.

Step 1: Addition of 3-bromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde to acetonitrile gave3-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile as a pale orangeoil. Yield (16.32 g, 96%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.58 (d, J=2.0Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (d,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.85-4.81 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.86 (ABd, J=16.4, 4.8Hz, 1H), 2.79 (ABd, J=16.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: Reduction of 3-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrilewith BH₃-THF followed by protection of the amine gaveN-(3-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas an orange oil. Yield (5.76 g, 40%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.31(bs, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.53-4.49 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H),3.24-3.15 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 2H).

Step 3:N-(3-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas coupled with alkynol 20 following the procedure described in Example10 to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. Yield (0.92 g, 55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.31(t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (d,J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (s, 1H), 4.51-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.24-3.17(m, 2H), 1.77-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.42 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Step 4:2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl)acetamidewas deprotected following the procedure in Example 1 to give Example 162as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.53 g, 76%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.22-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (bs, 1H), 4.58-4.55 (m,1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.51 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.42 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t, J=7.0Hz, 6H).

Example 163 Preparation of4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-methylphenyl)ethyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-methylphenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method used in Example 154.

Step 1: Addition of 5-bromo-2-methylbenzaldehyde to acetonitrile gave3-(5-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrile as a pale yellow oil.Yield (3.33 g, 86%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.61 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (d, J=4.4 Hz,1H), 5.04-5.00 (m, 1H), 2.88 (ABd, J=16.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (ABd,J=16.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.23 (s, 3H).

Step 2: Reduction of 3-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanenitrilewith BH₃-THF followed by protection of the amine gaveN-(3-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (3.25 g, 69%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.38 (bs, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H),7.05 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.73-4.70 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.26 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s,3H), 1.79-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 1H).

Step 3:N-(3-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidewas coupled with alkynol 20 to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(5-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)-2-methylphenyl)propyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. Yield (1.11 g, 62%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.38(t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H),7.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.74-4.70(m, 1H), 3.35-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.78-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.40(m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H)

Step 4:2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(5-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)-2-methylphenyl)propyl)acetamidewas deprotected to give Example 163 as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.71 g,85%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.41 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (dd,J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (bs, 1H), 4.83-4.80 (m,1H), 2.72-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.61-1.41 (m, 10H), 0.89 (t, J=7.0Hz, 6H).

Example 164 Preparation of(E)-4-((3-(3-Aminoprop-1-enyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

(E)-4-((3-(3-Aminoprop-1-enyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the methods used in Example 1 and 123.

Step 1: 4-((3-bromophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was coupled withN-allyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide following the procedure described inExample 123 to give(E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)allyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.082 g, 10%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ9.68 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23(dt, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dt, J=16.0, 6.0Hz, 1H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 3.95 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 8H), 0.89(t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2:(E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)allyl)acetamidewas deprotected following the procedure in Example 1 to give Example 164as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.038 g, 64%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.36 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dt, J=7.8Hz, 1.4, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (dt, J=16.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H),5.13 (bs, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=4.0, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.42 (m, 10H), 0.89(t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Example 165 Preparation of4-((3-(3-Aminoprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-Aminoprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the methods used in Examples 1 and 10.

Step 1: 1,3-Dibromobenzene was coupled with alkynol 20 following theprocedure described in Example 10 to give4-((3-bromophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol as a yellow liquid. Yield (4.2 g,65%) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.36 (dt, J=8.0, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 8H), 0.89(t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: 4-((3-bromophenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was coupled with2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(prop-2-ynyl)acetamide following the proceduredescribed in Example 10 to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)prop-2-ynyl)acetamideas a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.083 g, 6%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ10.03 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 4H), 5.16 (bs, 1H), 4.25 (d,J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.61-1.39 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 3:2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)prop-2-ynyl)acetamidewas deprotected following the procedure in Example 1 to give Example 165as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.041 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.34-7.31 (m, 4H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 1.77 (bs, 2H), 1.61-1.41(m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 166 Preparation of 4-((3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was prepared following themethods used in Examples 1 and 10.

Step 1: N-(3-bromobenzyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide was coupled withalkynol 20 following the procedure described in Example 10 to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)benzyl)acetamide as ayellow oil. Yield (0.462 g, 38%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.97 (t,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.22 (m, 3H), 5.15 (bs, 1H),4.35 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.60-1.41 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 2:2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)benzyl)acetamide wasdeprotected following the procedure in Example 1 to give Example 166 asa pale yellow oil. Yield (0.254 g, 78%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.33 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.16 (m, 1H), 5.11 (bs, 1H), 3.66(s, 2H), 1.97 (bs, 2H), 1.60-1.42 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Example 167 Preparation of4-((3-(2-Aminoethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

Example 167 is an alternative synthesis of4-((3-(2-Aminoethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol which was also preparedin Example 141. 4-((3-(2-Aminoethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the methods used in Examples 1 and 10.

Step 1: N-(3-bromobenzyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide was coupled withalkynol 20 following the procedure described in Example 10 to give2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenethyl)acetamideas a yellow oil. Yield (0.902 g, 65%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.43(t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.15 (m, 3H), 5.11 (s,1H), 3.41-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.61-1.40 (m, 8H), 0.89(t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H)

Step 2:2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenethyl)acetamidewas deprotected following the procedure in Example 1 to give Example 167as a pale yellow oil. Yield (0.504 g, 78%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.25-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.14 (m, 3H), 5.12 (bs, 1H), 2.74-2.70 (m, 2H),2.58 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.60-1.41 (m, 8H), 1.34 (bs, 2H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2Hz, 6H).

Example 168 Preparation of 2-(3-(Cyclooctylethynyl)-phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-(Cyclooctylethynyl)-phenoxy)ethanamine was prepared following themethod used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with ethynylcyclooctane gaveN-(2-(3-(cyclooctylethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide as abrown oil. Yield (0.505 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.21-7.27(m, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=5.4 Hz,2H), 3.52-3.57 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.84 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.76(m, 4H), 1.47-1.58 (m, 8H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(2-(3-cyclooctylethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide gaveExample 168 as brown oil. Yield (0.071 g, 48%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.98 (m, 3H), 4.13 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H),3.18 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.77-2.81 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.72(m, 4H), 1.42-1.56 (m, 8H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 157.6, 129.7,124.4, 124.2, 117.0, 114.8, 95.3, 80.2, 64.3, 38.1, 30.9, 29.8, 26.8,24.7, 23.8. ESI MS m/z 286 [M+1]⁺.

Example 169 Preparation of(S)-4-((3-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

(S)-4-((3-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-ethynyl)heptan-4-ol wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 25.

Step 1. Preparation of (−)-diisopinocampheylchloroborane solution((+)-Ipc₂B-Cl): (+)-Ipc₂BCl solution was prepared following the methodused in Example 100. The resulting solution was approximately 1.66 M.Ketone 99 was reduced following the method used in Example 100 to givehydroxybromide 100 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.818 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.57 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J=1.0, 2.0, 7.8 Hz,1H), 7.35-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H),4.80 (dd, J=4.7, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (ABd, J=4.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (ABd,J=4.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H).

Step 2. To a solution of bromide 100 (0.818 g, 2.92 mmol) in anhydrousTHF (10 mL) was added a solution of potassium tert-butoxide (1M, 3.5mL), the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min.concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was treated withwater. The product was extracted twice with EtOAc, organic layers werepooled, washed with brine, aq. NH₄Cl solution, dried over anhydrousdried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and filtrated was concentratedunder reduced pressure to give the epoxide (0.486 g) which was used inthe next step without purification.

The epoxide was dissolved in 7N NH₃/MeOH solution (5 mL) and aqueousNH₄OH (25%, 5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture which was stirred atroom temperature for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure to give the amine (0.801 g) which was used in the nextstep without purification.

The amine was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5 mL) and ethyltrifluoroacetate (1 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 20 min, concentrated under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography to give trifluoroacetamide101 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.608 g, 67% for 3 steps): ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.45 (br. t, 1H), 7.46-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.45 (m, 1H),7.25-7.30 (m, 2H), 5.73 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (dd, J=6.7, 11.3 Hz,1H), 3.47-3.52 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Sonogashira coupling of 101 with 4-ethynylheptan-4-ol followingthe method given in Example 17 afforded alkynol 102 as a tan oil. Yield(0.59 g, 82%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.44 (br t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H),7.22-7.32 (m, 4H), 5.65 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (dd, J=11.7, 6.8 Hz,1H), 3.25-3.31 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.62 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Step 4. A solution of alkynol 102 (0.59 g, 1.59 mmol) in NH₃/MeOH (7N,10 mL) and aqueous NH₄OH (25%, 10 mL) was stirred at room temperaturefor 70 hrs and the concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification byflash chromatography (0% to 100% of 10% 7N NH₃/MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ in CH₂Cl₂)gave Example 169 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.35 g, 80%); ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.39-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.32 (m, 3H), 4.58 (dd, J=4.7, 7.6Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.81 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.73 9m, 8H), 0.97 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H);143.7, 130.3, 128.9, 128.3, 125.8, 123.4, 92.4, 83.7, 74.5, 70.9, 49.0,44.5, 17.6, 13.6; LC-MS: 276.38 [M+H]⁺; RP-HPLC t_(R)=6.21 min, 98% AUC.

Example 170 Preparation of1-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method method used in Example 132.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with 3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas dark brown oil. Yield (0.611 g, 55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41(s, 1H), 7.24-7.37 (m, 3H), 4.86 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.44(m, 1H), 2.32 (bs, 1H), 1.94-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.71-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.62(m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 0.99 (t, J=7.2, 3H).

Step 5: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamidegave Example 170 as yellow oil Yield (0.269 g, 61%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.61 (bs, 2H), 7.25-7.36 (m, 4H), 5.60 (bs, 1H), 4.66-4.69(m, 1H), 2.81-2.85 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.63 (m, 2H),1.44-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=7.2, 3H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 146.6, 130.0, 128.9, 126.0, 122.9, 95.4, 82.1, 70.2, 67.1,46.4, 37.6, 30.4, 18.2, 14.7. ESI MS m/z 262 [M+1]⁺.

Example 171 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)-phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)-phenyl)propan-1-ol wasprepared following the method shown in Scheme 26.

Step 1: Acetonitrile addition to 3-iodobenzaldehyde (103) yielded3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propanenitrile (104) as yellow oil. Yield(2.58 g, 55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (m, 1H),2.80 (d, J=6.4, 2H), 2.40 (bs, 1H).

Step 2: Nitrile reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propanenitrileyielded 3-amino-1-(3-iodophenyl)propan-1-ol (105) as pale yellow oil.Yield (2.63 g, quantitative yield). This compound was utilized as suchfor the next transformation. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (s, 1H),7.58 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=8.0, 1H), 4.92 (dd,J=8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.09-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.99 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.85 (m,1H), 1.64-1.73 (m, 1H).

Step 3: Boc protection of amine 105 gave tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propylcarbamate (106) as yellow oil. Yield(1.39 g, 40%). This compound was utilized as such for the nexttransformation. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.6,1H), 7.33 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=8.0, 1H), 4.86 (bs, 1H), 4.67 (m,1H), 3.45-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.18 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s,9H).

Step 4: Sonogashira reaction of 106 with 2-ethynyltetrahydro-2H-pyranyielded tert-butyl3-hydroxy-3-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate(107) as dark brown oil. Yield (1.21 g, 83%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.45 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.35 (m, 3H), 4.87 (bs, 1H), 4.69-4.71 (m, 1H),4.49-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.02-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.61 (m,1H), 3.13-3.18 (m, 10H), 1.91-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.86 (m, 4H), 1.51 (m,2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Step 5: Deprotection of 107 resulted in yellow semi-solid hydrochloridesalt, which was basified and purified by flash chromatography (0-10%((9:1)MeOH—NH₃):DCM) to obtain Example 171 as pale yellow oil. Yield(0.273 g, 85%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.68 (bs, 2H), 7.40 (s, 1H),7.31-7.39 (m, 3H), 4.67-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.51-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.88 (m,1H), 3.48-3.53 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.85 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.64(m, 2H), 1.47-1.52 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.6, 130.2,129.0, 128.9, 126.5, 122.2, 89.2, 85.2, 69.8, 66.8, 65.9, 37.9, 37.0,32.3, 25.7, 21.7. ESI MS m/z 260 [M+1]⁺.

Example 172 Preparation of5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)-N-methylpent-4-ynamide was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 127.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 87 with N-methylpent-4-ynamidegave tert-butyl 3-(3-(5-(methylamino)-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate. Yield (1.03 g, crude). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64-7.70(m, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),5.68 (bs, 1H), 4.52 (bs, 1H), 3.10-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.85 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H),2.75 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.75-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(5-(methylamino)-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl carbamate with HClin dioxane (4M) using THF as solvent, followed by neutralization withconc. ammonia and subsequent column chromatography gave Example 172 asyellow oil. Yield (0.16 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.27(m, 1H), 7.14-7.19 (m, 3H), 2.52-2.63 (m, 9H), 2.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.58-1.66 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 171.1, 143.0, 131.6,129.0, 128.9, 128.6, 123.4, 90.0, 81.1, 41.0, 34.8, 34.4, 32.5, 25.8,15.7. ESI MS m/z 245 [M+1]⁺.

Example 173 Preparation of 5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)pent-4-ynamide

5-(3-(3-Aminopropyl)-phenyl)pent-4-ynamide was prepared following themethod used in Example 127.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 87 with pent-4-ynamide gavetert-butyl 3-(3-(5-amino-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate. Yield(0.967 g, crude). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.47 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.60-5.80 (m, 2H),4.53 (bs, 1H), 3.10-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.75 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step 2: Deprotection of tert-butyl3-(3-(5-amino-5-oxopent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propylcarbamate with HCl indioxane (4M) using THF as solvent, followed by neutralization with conc.ammonia and subsequent column chromatography gave Example 173 as yellowoil. Yield (0.13 g, 48%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.27 (m, 1H),7.15-7.20 (m, 3H), 2.52-2.62 (m, 6H), 2.33 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.66(m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 172.9, 143.1, 131.6, 129.0, 128.9,128.6, 123.4, 90.1, 81.0, 41.2, 34.8, 34.6, 32.5, 15.5. ESI MS m/z 231[M+1]⁺.

Example 174 Preparation of1-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol

1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132:

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 25 with 3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-olgaveN-(3-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide.Yield (0.825 g, 77%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.39(m, 3H), 4.83-4.87 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.44 (m, 1H),1.90-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.10 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 174 as yellow oil. Yield (0.52 g, 91%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.68(t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.74-2.82 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.69 (m,4H), 0.99 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 146.5, 130.1,128.9, 126.0, 125.0, 123.0, 100.0, 94.0, 83.3, 75.0, 71.0, 70.2, 34.5,9.2. ESI MS m/z 262 [M+1]⁺.

Example 175 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132:

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 25 with but-3-ynyl cyclohexanegaveN-(3-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide.Yield (1.1 g, 94%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.36(m, 3H), 4.84-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.41(t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.96-2.0 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.78 (m, 5H), 1.48-1.54 (m,2H), 1.36-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.14-1.30 (m, 3H), 0.88-1.0 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(4-cyclohexylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 175 as yellow oil. Yield (0.503 g, 61%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.18 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (t, J=6.4 Hz,1H), 2.50-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.54-1.70 (m, 7H),1.39-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.06-1.20 (m, 3H), 0.80-0.90 (m,2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 147.3, 129.7, 128.9, 128.6, 125.7,123.4, 90.8, 81.1, 71.3, 42.6, 39.2, 36.8, 36.2, 32.8, 32.8, 26.6, 26.2.ESI MS m/z 286 [M+1]⁺.

Example 176 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 19.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of bromide 25 with ethynylcycloheptanede bythe method used in Example 1 followed by flash chromatography (5-40%EtOAc/hexanes gradient), gaveN-(3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas an amber oil. Yield (0.507 g, 51%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42(br s, 1H), 7.34-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.33 (m, 3H), 4.81 (q, J=4.0 Hz,1H), 3.48-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.32-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.48 (brs, 1H), 1.85-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 4H), 2.46-1.64 (m, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidefollowed by flash chromatography (5% (7N NH3/MeOH)/dichloromethane) gaveExample 176 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.173 g, 46%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.30 (m, 3H), 4.91 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00(br s, 5H), 2.74-2.82 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.94 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.80 (m, 5H),1.44-1.64 (m, 6H).

Example 177 Preparation of4-((3-(3-(Methylamino)propyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(3-(Methylamino)propyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in shown in Scheme 27.

Step 1: A mixture of allylamine carbamate 108 (1.926 g, 12.2 mmol),powdered KOH (0.734 g, 13.1 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (10 mL) was stirredat room temperature for 5 min. Then a solution of methyl iodide (2.276g, 16.03 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 66 hr. Aqueous NH₄Cl (25%, 100 mL) wasadded and the product was extracted with EtOAc (3×70 mL). Combinedorganic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄,filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure togive N-methylcarbamate 109 as a light yellowish liquid with a lowboiling point. Yield (1.595 g, 76%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.74(ddt, J=16.8, 10.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.06-5.13 (m, 2H), 3.79 (d, J=5.5 Hz,2H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Step 2. A solution of 1,3-dibromobenzene (4.22 g, 17.9 mmol) andN-methylcarbamate 109 (1.555 g, 9.04 mmol) in triethylamine (15 mL) wasdegassed by bubbling argon from 3 min. Then tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.140g, 0.46 mmol) followed by Pd(OAc)₂ (0.11 g, 0.49 mmol) was added, argonwas bubbled again for 1 min, then vacuum/argon was applied 3×. Thereaction mixture was stirred under argon at 90° C. for 19 hr andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The precipitate was filtered off,filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flashchromatography (5% to 20% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) to give alkene 110 asa yellow oil. Yield (0.513 g, 17%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50 (t,J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=1.8 Hz,1H), 6.36 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (dt, J=15.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.9-4.8 (m,2H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 3. A solution of alkene 110 (0.513 g, 1.57 mmol) in absolute EtOH(10 mL) was degassed by vacuum/argon 3×, Pd/C was added (10%, 0.0577 g)and left vigorously stirring at room temperature for 1.5 hrs. Thereaction mixture was filtered, filtrate concentrated under reducedpressure and purified by flash chromatography (2% to 20% EtOAc-hexanesgradient) to give the alkane as a mixture with des-bromo alkane as awhite semi-solid, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. Yield (0.24 g, 46%).

To a solution of the alkane mixture (0.24 g, 0.73 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL)was added a solution of HCl in EtOH (7.4 M, 1.5 mL, 11.1 mmol) and thereaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Solvent wereremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was dried in vacuumovernight to give amine 111 as a mixture with des-bromoalkane assemi-solid, which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. Yield (0.19 g, 93%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.79 (brs, 2H), 7.43 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dt, J=1.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.30(m, 2H), 2.76-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.51 (m, 3H),1.82-1.92 (m, 2H).

Step 4. Sonogashira coupling of crude arylbromide 111 and4-ethynylheptan-4-ol following the method used in Example 17 except thatDMF was additionally used and the reaction mixture was heated at 90° C.for 21 hr to give Example 177 as a colorless oil after double flashchromatography (0% to 100% of 10% 7N NH₃/MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient, and then30% to 100% of 10% 7N NH₃/MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient) as a light-yellow oil.Yield (0.053 g, 26%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.13-7.24 (m, 4H), 2.61(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H),1.73-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.73 (m, 8H), 0.97 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 142.4, 131.2, 128.9, 128.3, 128.2, 123.3, 92.0, 83.8,70.9, 50.9, 44.5, 34.8, 33.0, 30.8, 17.6, 13.5; RP-HPLC t_(R)=6.95 min,95.1% (AUC); LC-MS m/z=288.47 [M+H]⁺.

Example 178 Preparation of2-(3-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine

2-(3-((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 18.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 19 with2-ethynyltetrahydro-2H-pyran gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamideas a brown oil. Yield (0.753 g, 79%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.26-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.95-6.98 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.53(m, 1H), 4.11 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.58 (m, 2H),3.46-3.53 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.66 (m, 4H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethynyl)phenoxy)ethyl)acetamidegave Example 178 as brown oil. Yield (0.125 g, 50%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.26-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.97-7.01 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.53(m, 1H), 3.99 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.84-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.53 (m, 1H),2.95 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.53(m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 158.8, 130.3, 124.4, 123.5, 117.3,116.7, 89.3, 84.9, 69.0, 66.8, 66.0, 40.5, 32.2, 25.7, 21.7. ESI MS m/z246 [M+1]⁺.

Example 179 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(4-p-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(4-p-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132 with the excepting that theiodide of compound 25 was prepared instead of the bromide.

Step 1: To a solution of 3-amino-1-(3-iodophenyl)propan-1-ol (105) (3.9g, 14 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) were added ethyl trifluoroacetate (2 mL, 17mmol) and triethylamine (2.95 mL, 21 mmol) and the mixture was stirredat RT for 4 h during which the reaction was found to be complete.Concentration under reduce pressure gave(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl)acetamide) as ayellow oil. The product was pure enough to be used as such for the nexttransformation. Yield (4.9 g, 93%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71 (s,1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 4.79-4.82 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.96 (bs,1H), 1.87-1.99 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Sonogashira reaction of(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl)acetamide) with1-(but-3-ynyl)-4-methylbenzene yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-p-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas yellow oil. Yield (0.310 g, 60%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.29-7.51(m, 4H), 7.17 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.84-4.86 (m,1H), 3.66-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.43 (m, 1H), 2.89 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.67(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.25 (bs, 1H), 1.92-1.97 (m, 2H).

Step 3: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(4-p-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideat RT gave Example 179 as off white solid. Yield (0.189 g, 84%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.24-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.16 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.60-4.64 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.85 (m,4H), 2.63 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.78-1.85 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 145.8, 137.4, 135.2, 129.7, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4,125.3, 123.0, 90.1, 81.1, 69.4, 36.9, 36.5, 34.0, 21.0, 20.7. ESI MS m/z294 [M+1]⁺.

Example 180 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(2-o-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(2-o-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 180.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl)acetamide) with1-(but-3-ynyl)-2-methylbenzene yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-o-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas yellow oil. Yield (0.391 g, 75%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.15-7.37(m, 8H), 4.84-4.86 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.44 (m, 1H), 2.94(t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.32 (bs, 1H),1.93-1.98 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-p-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideat RT gave Example 180 as pale yellow oil. Yield (0.194 g, 66%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.08-7.28 (m, 8H), 4.58-4.61 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),2.83 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s,3H), 1.61-1.64 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.9, 138.6,135.7, 130.0, 129.2, 129.0, 128.5, 128.2, 126.3, 125.8, 125.4, 122.7,89.8, 81.2, 70.9, 42.4, 31.6, 19.7, 19.0. ESI MS m/z 294 [M+1]⁺.

Example 181 Preparation of3-amino-1-(3-(3-m-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

3-Amino-1-(3-(3-m-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 179.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of the iodide(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl)acetamide) with1-(but-3-ynyl)-3-methylbenzene yielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-m-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideas brown oil. Yield (0.410 g, 79%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.36(bs, 1H), 7.22-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.53-4.58(m, 1H), 3.20-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (t, J=7.6 Hz,2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H).

Step 5: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-(3-m-tolylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamideat RT gave Example 181 as pale yellow oil. Yield (0.190 g, 63%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.25-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H),7.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.0 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.64 (m, 1H),2.72-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.65 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.80 (m,2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 146.5, 140.8, 137.7, 130.0, 129.7,128.8, 128.6, 127.3, 126.0, 125.7, 123.4, 90.5, 81.7, 70.2, 38.5, 37.4,34.7, 21.5, 21.3. ESI MS m/z 294 [M+1]⁺.

Example 182 Preparation of1-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol

1-((3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 132.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of bromide 25 with 1-ethynylcyclopentanolyielded2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)-acetamideas brown oil. Yield (0.55 g, 55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41 (s,1H), 7.28-7.35 (m, 3H), 4.85-4.87 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.44(m, 1H), 2.41 (bs, 1H), 1.76-2.08 (m, 10H).

Step 2: Deprotection of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide at RT gave Example 182 aspale yellow oil. Yield (0.126 g, 31%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.24-7.33 (m, 4H), 4.63-4.66 (m, 1H), 2.71-2.83 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.80 (m,4H), 1.44-1.78 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, D₂O) δ 143.3, 131.0, 128.9,128.7, 126.1, 122.4, 117.7, 92.9, 82.9, 74.7, 71.1, 41.4, 36.9, 35.8,22.8. ESI MS m/z 260 [M+1]⁺.

Example 183 Preparation of2-(4-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-ynyl)phenol

2-(4-(3-(3-Amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-ynyl)phenol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 179.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of the iodide(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl)acetamide) with(2-(but-3-ynyl)phenoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane yieldedN-(3-(3-(4-(2-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenyl)but-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas brown oil. Yield (0.220 g, 41%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.36(bs, 1H), 7.26-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),6.96 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H),4.53-4.56 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.85 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (t,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.0 (s, 9H), 0.23 (s, 6H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(4-(2-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenyl)but-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideat RT gave Example 183 as off-white solid. Both the protecting groupswere removed in one step. Yield (0.087 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 7.23-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.19 (bd, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (bd, J=6.0Hz, 1H), 6.88 (bt, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.71-6.76 (m, 2H), 4.60-4.63 (m, 1H),2.81-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.78-1.84 (m, 2H).

Example 184 Preparation of3-Amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

Example 184 is an alternative synthesis of3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol which was alsoprepared in Example 71.3-Amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method used in Example 108.

Step 1: Sonogashira reaction of 25 with but-3-ynyl-cyclopentane yieldedN-(3-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamideas a dark brown oil. Yield (690 mg, 69%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.22-7.57 (m, 4H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.45 (m, 1H),2.41 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (bs, 1H), 1.90-1.97 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.82 (m,2H), 1.54-1.59 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.12-1.15 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Deprotection ofN-(3-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamidegave Example 184 hydrochloride as a white semi-solid (the solvent usedin salt formation was DCM instead of methanol). Yield (341 mg, 68%): ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.22-7.29 (m, 4H), 4.63-4.66 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.89(m, 2H), 2.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.89 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.73 (m, 2H),1.44-1.58 (m, 6H), 0.93-1.11 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ146.2, 131.1, 130.1, 128.9, 125.9, 123.5, 91.1, 85.9, 80.9, 69.5, 36.9,36.6, 35.0, 32.3, 25.1, 18.4. ESI MS m/z 272 [M+1]⁺.

Example 185 Preparation of(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(3-phenoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(3-phenoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in shown in Scheme 28.

Step 1: To a cold (0° C.) solution of vinyl magnesium bromide (1M/THF,17 mL) was added anhydrous THF (10 mL) followed by a solution of3-iodobenzaldehyde (3.846 g, 16.6 mmol) in anhydrous THF (12 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hr and aqueous NH₄Cl (25%,25 mL) was added, stirred at room temperature, layers were separated,and aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. Combined organic layers werewashed with aqueous NH₄Cl, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filteredand concentrated under reduced pressure to give allyl alcohol 112 as alight-yellow oil. Yield (4.39 g, quant.); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73(t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dt, J=1.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.08(t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (ddd, J=17.0, 10.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (dt,J=17.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (dt, J=10.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J=6.1 Hz),1.9 (br.s, 1H).

Step 2: A solution of oxalyl chloride (1.8 mL, 20.6 mmol) in anhydrousCH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was cooled under argon to −78° C. and a solution ofanhydrous DMSO (3.0 mL, 42.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise via anaddition funnel. First half of DMSO solution was added over a period of13 min, second half added over 1 min. Reaction mixture was stirred at−78° C. for 6 min and then a solution of allyl alcohol 112 (4.39 g, 16.6mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. Thereaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 35 min after whichtriethylamine (9 mL, 64.6 mmol) was added dropwise over 2 min and thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Water (100 mL)was added and after vigorous shaking layers were separated. Aqueouslayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, combined organic layers wereconsequently washed with aqueous HCl (1%, 100 mL), aq. NaHCO₃ (5%, 100mL), brine (30%, 100 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give crude vinyl ketone 113 (ca75% molar) as a yellow oil which was used in the next step withoutpurification. Yield (4.40 g, quant); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.26 (t,J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dd,J=17.0, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (dd, J=10.6,1.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 3. To a solution of vinyl ketone 113 (3.30 g, 12.8 mmol) andphthalimide (2.38 g, 16.18 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was added asolution of NaOMe (30% wt in MeOH, 0.1 mL) and the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 hr. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure and purification by flashchromatography (10% to 70% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) afforded crudeproduct, which was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, white precipitate was filteredoff, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Aftertrituration with hexane and a small amount of EtOAc a white precipitateformed and was filtered off and dried to give phthalimidoketone 114.Yield (2.725 g, 53%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.19 (t, J=1.8 Hz,1H), 7.96 (ddd, J=1.0, 1.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (ddd, J=1.2, 1.6, 7.8 Hz,1H), 7.78-7.86 (m, 4H), 7.30 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H),3.39 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H).

Step 4. Sonogashira coupling of aryliodide 114 and propargyl alcoholfollowing the method used in Example 17 gave alkynol 115 as a yellowsolid. Yield (1.86 g, 83%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.98 (t, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 7.86-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.81-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.68-6.73 (m, 2H), 7.59 (dt,J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dt, J=7.8, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.13 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (br.s, 1H).

Step 5. Mesylation of alkynol 115 with methanesulfonyl chloridefollowing the method used in Example 18 gave sulfonate 116 as a brownishsolid. Yield (1.60 g, 70%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.01 (t, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 7.94 (dt, J=1.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.69-7.74 (m, 2H),7.63 (dt, J=1.4, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.13(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H).

Step 6. A mixture of phenol (0.934 g, 1.0 mmol), mesylate 116 (0.316 g,0.767 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (0.136 g, 0.984 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) wasstirred at room temperature under argon for 1 h, then at 60° C. for 20h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, theresidue suspended in EtOAc, filtered through a thin layer of a silicagel, and additionally washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure and purification by flash chromatography (5% to40% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) afforded phenoxypropyne 117 as a colorlessoil. Yield (0.0695 g, 22.1%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.97 (t, J=1.6Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dt, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.59 (dt,J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.33 (m, 2H), 6.95-7.04(m, 3H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.12 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 7. Ketone 117 was reduced with (−)-Ipc₂B-Cl following the methodused in Example 100 to afford (R)-hydroxyphthalimide 118 as a colorlessoil after purification by flash chromatography (5% to 30% EtOAc-hexanesgradient). Yield (0.0511 g, 73%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78-7.85(m, 2H), 7.65-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.40-4.42 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.34 (m, 5H),6.95-7.05 (m, 3H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 4.63 (dd, J=9.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.93(m, 2H), 1.98-2.10 (m, 2H).

Step 8. Deprotection of phthalimide 118 following the method used inExample 17 except that two molar excess hydrazine was used and thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 hr gave Example185 as a colorless oil after flash chromatography (0% to 100% of 10% 7NNH₃/MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient). Yield (0.033 g, 94%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.36 (m, 5H), 6.99-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.98 (m,1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.70 (dd, J=7.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.78 (m, 2H),1.74-1.89 (m, 2H); RP-HPLC t_(R)=6.38 min, 97.5% (AUC); LC-MS m/z=282.52[M+H]⁺.

Example 186 Preparation of(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-olwas prepared following the method used in Example 185.

Step 1. Alkylation of 2,6-dimethylphenol with mesylate 116 afforded2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-oxopropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a colorless oil. Yield (0.12 g, 42%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.96(t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dt, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.86 (m, 2H),7.67-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.58 (dt, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),6.99-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.96 (m, 1H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=7.4 Hz,2H), 3.40 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 6H).

Step 2. Chiral reduction of2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-oxopropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionegave(R)-2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a colorless oil after purification by flash chromatography (5% to 30%EtOAc-hexanes gradient). Yield (0.092 g, 76%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.80-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.31 (dt,J=7.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.28 (m, 2H), 6.99-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.93 (dd,J=8.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 4.64 (dd, J=8.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H),3.86-3.92 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 1.96-2.10 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Deprotection of(R)-2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionegave Example 186 as a colorless oil after flash chromatographypurification (0% to 100% of 10% 7N NH₃/MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient). Yield(0.045 g, 69%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.34 (dt,J=7.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dt, J=7.4, 1.6 Hz,1H), 6.98-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.91 (dd, J=8.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.70(dd, J=8.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.67-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 6H), 1.74-1.90 (m,2H); RP-HPLC t_(R)=6.88 min, 99.4% (AUC); LC-MS m/z=310.68 [M+H]⁺.

Example 187 Preparation of(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol

(R)-3-Amino-1-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-olwas prepared following the method used in Example 18 and 185.

Step 1. Alkylation of 2,6-dimethylthiophenol with mesylate 116 accordingto the method used in Example 18 except that the reaction was carriedout at room temperature for 18 hr, gave2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-oxopropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a yellowish oil without purification. Yield (0.275 g, 96%); ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.80-7.87 (m, 3H), 7.77 (t, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.73(m, 2H), 7.41 (dt, J=1.4, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.16(m, 3H), 4.12 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.37 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H),2.58 (s, 6H).

Step 2. Chiral reduction of2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-oxopropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionegave(R)-2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dioneas a colorless oil after purification by flash chromatography (5% to 30%EtOAc-hexanes gradient). Yield (0.178 g, 82%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.79-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.23 (m,1H), 7.18 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.14 (m, 4H), 4.58-4.64 (m, 1H),3.85-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 6H), 1.95-2.10 (m, 2H).

Step 3. Deprotection of(R)-2-(3-(3-(3-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionegave Example 187 as a colorless oil after flash chromatographypurification (0% to 100% of 10% 7N NH₃/MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient). Yield(0.090 g, 71%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.25(m, 2H), 7.10-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.66 (dd, J=5.1, 7.8 Hz,1H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.64-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.58 (s, 6H), 1.72-1.88 (m, 2H);RP-HPLC t_(R)=7.27 min, 94.8% (AUC); LC-MS m/z=326.93 [M+H]⁺.

Example 188 Preparation of4-((3-(2-Aminoethylamino)-phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethylamino)-phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 29.

Step 1: To a stirred solution of2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)acetaldehyde (119) (3.0 g, 15.9 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (1000 ml) was added 3-bromoaniline (120) (2.2 g, 13.0 mmol),sodium triacetoxyborohydride (4.2 g, 20 mmol) and acetic acid (1.2 g, 20mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, thenwashed with saturated ammonium chloride, water, and brine. The combinedorganics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in-vacuo.Purification by flash chromatography (10-40% ethyl acetate/hexanesgradient) gave benzyl bromide 121 as a yellow oil. Yield (1.7 g, 38%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.80-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.78 (m, 2H),6.93-6.99 (m, 1H), 6.72-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.49-6.54 (m, 1H), 4.23 (brs, 1H),3.95 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Benzyl bromide 121 was deprotected according to the method usedin Example 17. Purification by flash chromatography (0-10% (7NNH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane) gradient) gave diamine 122 as a yellow oil.Yield (0.286 g, 57%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.99 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),6.76-6.81 (m, 1H), 6.74 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.49-6.54 (m, 1H), 4.19 (brs,1H), 3.13 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (brs, 2H).

Step 3: Trifluoroamide 123 was formed by addition ofethyltrifluoroacetate to diamine 122 according to the method used inExample 18. Yield (0.462 g, quantitative). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.01 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (brs, 1H), 6.82-6.86 (m, 1H), 6.74 (t,J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.50-6.55 (m, 1H), 4.03 (brs, 1H), 3.55 (q, J=6.0, Hz,2H), 3.33 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

Step 4: Sonogashira coupling of trifluoroamide 123 with4-ethynylheptan-4-ol (20) was carried out according to the method usedin Example 17. Purification by flash chromatography (5-30% ethylacetate/hexanes gradient) gave alkynol 124 as an orange oil. Yield (0.30g, 60%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.54 (brs, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 6.75-6.78 (m, 1H), 6.61-6.64 (m, 1H), 6.52-6.56 (m, 1H), 3.51 (q,J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.63-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.63 (m,4H), 0.95 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 5: Deprotection of alkynol 124 was carried out according to themethod used in Example 1. Purification by flash chromatography (0-10%(7N NH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane) gradient) gave Example 188 as a yellowwaxy solid. Yield (0.14 g, 63%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 6.97-7.03 (m,1H), 6.46-6.54 (m, 3H), 5.66 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 2.94 (q,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.62 (m, 10H), 0.88 (t,J=7.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 189 Preparation of4-((3-(2-Aminoethylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethylthio)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method method shown in Scheme 30.

Step 1: Alkylation of 3-bromobenzenethiol with 2-bromoethanol accordingto the method used in Example 18, gave 2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethanol(125) as a yellow oil without purification. Yield (3.6 g, 97%): ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (ddd, J=0.8, 1.6, 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.27 (ddd, J=0.8, 1.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),3.75 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (brs, 1H).

Step 2: Mitsunobu coupling of 2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethanol (125) withphthalimide according to the method used in Example 17, followed byflash chromatography (5-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) gave2-(2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (126) as a whitesolid. Yield (4.04 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77-7.84 (m, 2H),7.66-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.50 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (ddd, J=0.8, 1.6, 7.6Hz, 1H), 7.19 (ddd, J=0.8, 1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),3.93 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: Deprotection of2-(2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (126) according tothe procedure used in Example 18 gave 2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethanamine(127) as a yellow oil. Yield (1.56 g, 98%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.44 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (ddd, J=0.8, 1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (ddd,J=0.8, 1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.87-3.0 (m, 2H),2.82-2.86 (m, 2H), 1.7-2.4 (brs, 2H).

Step 4: Amidation of 2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethanamine (127) according tothe method used in Example 18, followed by flash chromatography (5-20%ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) gaveN-(2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (128) as acolorless oil. Yield (1.75 g, 80%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50 (t,J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J=0.8, 1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (ddd, J=0.8,1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (brs, 1H), 3.55 (app q,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H).

Step 5: Sonogashira coupling of alkynol 20 withN-(2-(3-bromophenylthio)ethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (128) accordingto the method used in Example 1 followed by flash chromatography (5-50%ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenylthio)ethyl)acetamide(129) as an orange. Yield (0.22 g, 52%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ9.52-9.60 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.16-7.20 (m, 1H), 5.11 (s, 1H),3.60 (ddd, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.52-1.62 (m, 4H),1.38-1.52 (m, 4H), 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 6: Deprotection of2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(3-(3-hydroxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenylthio)ethyl)acetamide(129) according to the method used in Example 1 followed by flashchromatography (0-10% (7N NH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane gradient) gaveExample 189 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.89 g, 68%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD)δ 7.36-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.32 (dt, J=1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.20 (dt, J=1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (brs,2H), 1.62-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.62 (m, 4H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 190 Preparation of4-((3-(2-aminoethylsulfinyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethylsulfinyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 31.

Step 1: To a solution of the bromide 128 (0.6 g, 1.83 mmol) inacetonitrile (10 mL) at room temperature was added iron III chloride(0.015 g, 0.092 mmol (5%)), and periodic acid (0.46 g, 2.0 mmol). Thereaction was stirred overnight then quenched with saturated aqueousNa₂S₂O₃ (4 mL). Acetonitrile was removed in-vacuo and the residue wasextracted from water with ethyl acetate. The combined organics waswashed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in-vacuo,and purified by flash chromatography (5-50% ethyl acetate/hexanesgradient), giving the sulfoxide 130 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.196 g,31%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.37 (m, 1H), 7.74 (t, J=0.8, Hz, 1H),7.61-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78-3.89(m, 1H), 3.63-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.29 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.95 (m, 1H).

Step 2: Sonogashira coupling of alkynol 20 with sulfoxide 130 accordingto the method used in Example 1 followed by flash chromatography (5-50%ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) gave trifluoroamide-protected alkynol131 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.15 g, 67%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.38(brt, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.52 (rh, 3H), 3.76-3.86(m, 1H), 3.62-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.85-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.77(s, 1H), 1.62-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.62 (m, 4H), 0.93 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 3: Deprotection of trifluoroamide-protected alkynol 131 accordingto the method used in Example 1 followed by flash chromatography (0-10%(7N NH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane gradient) gave Example 190 as a yellowoil. Yield (0.06 g, 52%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.60-7.62 (m, 1H),7.43-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.39 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.12-3.28 (m, 1H), 2.98-3.12(m, 1H), 2.80-2.92 (m, 2H), 1.95 (brs, 3H), 1.60-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.60(m, 4H), 0.93 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 191 Preparation of4-((3-(2-aminoethylsulfonyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(2-Aminoethylsulfonyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was preparedfollowing the method shown in Scheme 32.

Step 1: To a solution of the bromide 128 (0.6 g, 1.83 mmol) in ethanol(10 mL) at room temperature was added ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate(0.68 g, 0.55 mmol (30%)), and hydrogen peroxide (1.9 mL of a 30% aqsolution, 18.3 mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight then quenchedwith saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (4 mL). Ethanol was removed in-vacuo andthe residue was extracted from water with ethyl acetate. The combinedorganics was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentratedin-vacuo, and purified by flash chromatography (5-50% ethylacetate/hexanes gradient), giving the sulfone 132 as a white waxy solid.Yield (0.615 g, 93%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.05 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.81-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.49 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (brs, 1H), 3.81-3.88 (m,2H), 3.33-3.38 (m, 2H).

Step 2: Sonogashira coupling of alkynol 20 with sulfone 132 according tothe method used in Example 1 followed by flash chromatography (5-50%ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) gave trifluoroamide-protected alkynol133 as a yellow oil. Yield (0.515 g, 72%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.93(m, 1H), 7.80-7.84 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.27 (brs, 1H), 3.79-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.36 (m, 2H), 1.93 (brs, 1H),1.64-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.64 (m, 4H), 0.98 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step 3: Deprotection of trifluoroamide-protected alkynol 133 accordingto the method used in Example 1 followed by flash chromatography (0-10%(7N NH₃/MeOH)/dichloromethane gradient) gave Example 191 as a yellowoil. Yield (0.21 g, 52%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.90-7.92 (m, 1H),7.78-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.20-3.25(m, 2H), 3.07-3.15 (m, 2H), 1.81 (brs, 3H), 1.62-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.62(m, 4H), 0.96 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 192 Preparation of4-((3-(4-aminobutyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol

4-((3-(4-Aminobutyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol was prepared followingthe method shown in shown in Scheme 33.

Step 1: Sonogashira coupling of tetrahydropyranylbromophenol and3-butyn-1-ol following the method used in Example 17 except that thereaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 18 hr to give alcohol 134 asan orange oil after flash chromatography purification (30 to 100%EtOAc-hexanes gradient). Yield (2.46 g, 85%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ 7.22 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93-7.01 (m, 3H), 5.45 (t, J=3.2 Hz, 1H),4.86 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.58 (m, 3H), 2.51 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.64-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.44-1.64 (m, 3H).

Step 2: Mitsunobu coupling of alcohol 134 with phthalimide according tothe method used in Example 17, followed by flash chromatography (10-40%ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) gave phthalimide 135 as a colorless oil.Yield (1.77 g, 84%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82-7.88 (m, 2H),7.68-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.14 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.97(m, 2H), 5.36 (t, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (ddd,J=3.13, 9.6, 14.5 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (dtd, J=1.2, 4.1, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.92-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.73 (m, 3H)

Step 3. A solution of butynephthalimide 135 (1.00 g, 2.66 mmol) in EtOH(absolute, 50 mL) was degassed by bubbling argon for 3 min. Thenpalladium on carbon (10%, 0.102 g) was added, the mixture was degassedby bubbling argon for 30 sec, and then by applying vacuum/H₂ threetimes. The reaction mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 45min. The mixture was filtered through a filter paper to remove thecatalyst and the resultant solution of2-(4-(3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)phenyl)butyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionewas used directly in the step.

Deprotection of2-(4-(3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)phenyl)butyl)isoindoline-1,3-dionewith hydrazine monohydrate following the method used in Example 17except that the reaction mixture was heated at +50° C. for 16 hrsafforded 4-(3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)phenyl)butan-1-amine as acolorless oil, which was used in the next step without purification.

Protection of 4-(3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)phenyl)butan-1-aminewith ethyl trifluoroacetate following the method used in Example 18 gavetrifluoroacetamide 136 as a colorless oil. Yield (0.72 g, 78% afterthree steps); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.37 (br.t, 1H), 7.12-7.18 (m,1H), 6.75-6.83 (m 3H), 5.40 (t, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.77 (m, 1H),3.47-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.17 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.63-1.90 (m, 31H), 1.40-1.62 (m, 7H).

Step 4. A mixture of THP-phenol 136 (0.72 g, 2.08 mmol),p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.366 g) in THF:H₂O (3:1, 20 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 3.5 hr. The reaction mixture was treatedwith aqueous NaHCO₃-brine solution, layers were separated and aqueouslayer extracted with EtOAc. Combined organic layers were washed withbrine and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flashchromatography (10%-50% EtOAc-hexanes gradient) gave2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)butyl)acetamide as a colorlessoil, which was taken into the next step. Yield (0.438 g, 96%).

To a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)butyl)acetamide(0.438 g, 1.68 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.87 mmol) inanhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) a solution of trifluoromethanesulfonicanhydride (0.32 mL, 1.90 mmol) was added at 0° C. under argon. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and concentrated underreduced pressure. EtOAc was added to the residue and the solution waswashed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and the filtratewas concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude triflate 137 as alight brown oil which was used in the next step without additionalpurification. Yield (0.683 g, quant.); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.38(brt, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.34 (m, 3H), 3.17 (q, 6.4 Hz,2H), 2.64 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.40-1.60 (m, 4H).

Step 5. Sonogashira coupling of triflate 137 and 4-ethynylheptan-4-olfollowing the method used in Example 177 gave alkynol 138 as a brownishoil after flash chromatography purification (5%-40% EtOAc-hexanesgradient). Yield (0.327 g, 51%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.38 (brt,1H), 7.20-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.18 (m, 2H), 5.10 (s, 1H), 3.17 (q, J=6.4Hz, 1H), 2.54 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.62 (m, 12H), 0.88 (t, J=7.6 Hz,6H).

Step 6. Deprotection of trifluoroacetamide 138 following the method usedin Example 1 except that the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for3.5 hr. Purification by flash chromatography (10%-100% 7NNH₃/MeOH/CH₂Cl₂—CH₂Cl₂) gave Example 192 as a white solid. Yield (0.175g, 71%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.12-7.24 (m, 4H), 2.46-2.66 (m, 4H),1.42-1.73 (m, 10H), 1.43-1.42 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR(100 MHZ, CD₃OD), δ 142.8, 131.3, 128.8, 128.3, 128.2, 123.6, 91.9,83.9, 70.9, 44.5, 41.2, 35.2, 32.2, 28.6, 17.6, 13.6; RP-HPLC t_(R)=7.06min, 92.5% (AUC); LC-MS m/z=288.25 [M+H]⁺.

Example 193 In Vitro Isomerase Inhibition Assay

The capability of alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds toinhibit the activity of a visual cycle isomerase was determined.

Isomerase inhibition reactions were performed essentially as described(Stecher et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:8577-85 (1999); see also Golczak etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:8162-67 (2005)). Bovine RetinalPigment Epithelium (RPE) microsome membranes were the source of a visualcycle isomerase.

RPE Microsome Membrane Preparation

Bovine RPE microsome membrane extracts were prepared according tomethods described (Golczak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA102:8162-67 (2005)) and stored at −80° C. Crude RPE microsome extractswere thawed in a 37° C. water bath, and then immediately placed on ice.50 ml crude RPE microsomes were placed into a 50 ml Teflon-glasshomogenizer (Fisher Scientific, catalog no. 0841416M) on ice, powered bya hand-held DeWalt drill, and homogenized ten times up and down on iceunder maximum speed. This process was repeated until the crude RPEmicrosome solution was homogenized. The homogenate was then subjected tocentrifugation (50.2 Ti rotor (Beckman, Fullerton, Calif.), 13,000 RPM;15360 Rcf) for 15 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was collected andsubjected to centrifugation at 42,000 RPM (160,000 Rcf; 50.2 Ti rotor)for 1 hour at 4° C. The supernatant was removed, and the pellets weresuspended in 12 ml (final volume) cold 10 mM MOPS buffer, pH 7.0. Theresuspended RPE membranes in 5 ml aliquots were homogenized in aglass-to-glass homogenizer (Fisher Scientific, catalog no. K885500-0021)to high homogeneity. Protein concentration was quantified using the BCAprotein assay according to the manufacturer's protocol (Pierce,Rockford, Ill.). The homogenized RPE preparations were stored at −80° C.

Isolation of Human Apo Cellular Retinaldehyde-Binding Protein (CRALBP)

Recombinant human apo cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP)was cloned and expressed according to standard methods in the molecularbiology art (see Crabb et al., Protein Science 7:746-57 (1998); Crabb etal., J. Biol. Chem. 263:18688-92 (1988)). Briefly, total RNA wasprepared from confluent ARPE19 cells (American Type Culture Collection,Manassas, Va.), cDNA was synthesized using an oligo(dT)₁₂₋₁₈ primer, andthen DNA encoding CRALBP was amplified by two sequential polymerasechain reactions (see Crabb et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263:18688-92 (1988);Intres, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:25411-18 (1994); GenBank AccessionNo. L34219.1). The PCR product was sub-cloned into pTrcHis2-TOPO TAvector according to the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen Inc.,Carlsbad, Calif.; catalog no. K4400-01), and then the sequence wasconfirmed according to standard nucleotide sequencing techniques.Recombinant 6×His-tagged human CRALBP was expressed in One Shot TOP 10chemically competent E. coli cells (Invitrogen), and the recombinantpolypeptide was isolated from E. coli cell lysates by nickel affinitychromatography using nickel (Ni) Sepharose XK16-20 columns for HPLC(Amersham Bioscience, Pittsburgh, Pa.; catalog no. 17-5268-02). Thepurified 6×His-tagged human CRALBP was dialyzed against 10 mMbis-tris-Propane (BTP) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight ofthe recombinant human CRALBP was approximately 39 kDal.

Isomerase Assay

Alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivative compounds and control compoundswere reconstituted in ethanol to 0.1 M. Ten-fold serial dilutions (10⁻²,10⁻³, 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁶ M) in ethanol of each compound were prepared foranalysis in the isomerase assay.

The isomerase assay was performed in 10 mM bis-tris-propane (BTP)buffer, pH 7.5, 0.5% BSA (diluted in BTP buffer), 1 mM sodiumpyrophosphate, 20 μM all-trans retinol (in ethanol), and 6 μMapo-CRALBP. The test compounds (2 μl) (final 1/15 dilution of serialdilution stocks) were added to the above reaction mixture to which RPEmicrosomes were added. The same volume of ethanol was added to thecontrol reaction (absence of test compound). Bovine RPE microsomes (9μl) (see above) were then added, and the mixtures transferred to 37° C.to initiate the reaction (total volume=150 μl). The reactions werestopped after 30 minutes by adding methanol (300 μl). Heptane was added(300 μl) and mixed into the reaction mixture by pipetting. Retinoid wasextracted by agitating the reaction mixtures, followed by centrifugationin a microcentrifuge. The upper organic phase was transferred to HPLCvials and then analyzed by HPLC using an Agilent 1100 HPLC system withnormal phase column: SILICA (Agilent Technologies, dp 5μ, 4.6 mmX, 25CM;running method had flow rate of 1.5 ml/min; injection volume 100 μl).The solvent components were 20% of 2% isopropanol in EtOAc and 80% of100% hexane.

The area under the A₃₁₈ nm curve represents the 11-cis retinol peak,which is calculated by Agilent Chemstation software and recordedmanually. The IC₅₀ values (concentration of compound that gives 50%inhibition of 11-cis retinol formation in vitro) are calculated usingGraphPad Prism® 4 Software (Irvine, Calif.). All tests are performed induplicate.

The concentration dependent effect of the compounds disclosed herein onthe retinol isomerization reaction can also be evaluated with arecombinant human enzyme system. In particular, the in vitro isomeraseassay was performed essentially as in Golczak et al. 2005, PNAS 102:8162-8167, ref. 3). A homogenate of HEK293 cell clone expressingrecombinant human RPE65 and LRAT were the source of the visual enzymes,and exogenous all-trans-retinol (about 20 μM) was used as the substrate.Recombinant human CRALBP (about 80 ug/mL) was added to enhance theformation of 11-cis-retinal. The 200 μL Bis-Tris Phosphate buffer (10mM, pH 7.2) based reaction mixture also contains 0.5% BSA, and 1 mMNaPPi. In this assay, the reaction was carried out at 37° C. induplicates for one hour and was terminated by addition of 300 μLmethanol. The amount of reaction product, 11-cis-retinol, was measuredby HPLC analysis following Heptane extraction of the reaction mixture.The Peak Area Units (PAUs) corresponding to II cis-retinol in the HPLCchromatograms were recorded and concentration dependent curves analyzedby GraphPad Prism for IC₅₀ values. The ability of the numerous compoundsdisclosed herein to inhibit isomerization reaction is quantified and therespective IC₅₀ value is determined. The tables below summarises theIC₅₀ values of various compounds of the present invention determined byeither of the above two methods. FIG. 1 is a representative figure ofthe IC₅₀ determination of the compound of Example 2. Other IC50s forhuman and bovine in vitro data are provided in Tables 14A and 14B.

TABLE 14A Human in vitro Inhibition Data IC₅₀ (μM) Compound/ExampleNumber ≦0.01 μM 18, 47, 100, 101, 159, 160, 164, 165 ≦0.1 μM 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 11, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 52, 57, 59,69, 78, 80, 99, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122,124, 125, 132, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155,161, 162, 167, 170, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186,187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192 ≦1 μM 12, 26, 33, 41, 58, 79, 89, 105, 106,113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 126, 128, 129, 149, 150, 154, 156, 157, 158,166, 168, 169, 178 ≦10 μM 81, 123, 142, 163, 172, 173,

TABLE 14 Bovine in vitro Inhibition data IC₅₀ (μM) Compound/ExampleNumber ≦1 μM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75,77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 91, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 141 ≦10 μM 9, 12, 13,14, 17, 26, 33, 35, 40, 56, 60, 62, 63, 64,, 65, 66, 81, 83, 88, 89, 90,96, 97, 98, ≦100 μM 10, 20, 34, 46, 76, 82, 84, 87, 92, 94 ≦1000 μM 45,93

Example 194 In Vivo Murine Isomerase Assay

The capability of alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivatives to inhibitisomerase is determined by an in vivo murine isomerase assay. Briefexposure of the eye to intense light (“photobleaching” of the visualpigment or simply “bleaching”) is known to photo-isomerize almost all11-cis-retinal in the retina. The recovery of 11-cis-retinal afterbleaching can be used to estimate the activity of isomerase in vivo.Delayed recovery, as represented by lower 11-cis-retinal oxime levels,indicates inhibition of isomerization reaction. Procedures wereperformed essentially as described by Golczak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 102:8162-67 (2005). See also Deigner et al., Science, 244:968-71 (1989); Gollapalli et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1651: 93-101(2003); Parish, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 14609-13 (1998);Radu, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 5928-33 (2004).

Six-week old dark-adapted CD-1 (albino) male mice were orally gavagedwith compound (0.03-3 mg/kg) dissolved in 100 μl corn oil containing 10%ethanol (five animals per group). Mice were gavaged with the alkynylphenyl derivative compounds described Examples 2, 18, 19, 100 and 101.After 2-24 hours in the dark, the mice were exposed to photobleaching of5,000 lux of white light for 10 minutes. The mice were allowed torecover 2 hours in the dark. The animals were then sacrificed by carbondioxide inhalation. Retinoids were extracted from the eye and theregeneration of 11-cis-retinal was assessed at various time intervals.

Eye Retinoid Extraction

All steps were performed in darkness with minimal redlight illumination(low light darkroom lights and red filtered flashlights for spotillumination as needed) (see, e.g. Maeda et al., J. Neurochem85:944-956, 2003; Van Hooser et al., J Biol Chem 277:19173-82, 2002).After the mice were sacrificed, the eyes were immediately removed andplaced in liquid nitrogen for storage.

The eyes were placed in 500 μL of bis-tris propane buffer (10 mM, pH˜7.3) and 20 μL of 0.8M hydroxile amine (pH˜7.3). The eyes were cut upinto small pieces with small iris scissors and then thoroughlyhomogenized at 30000 rpm with a mechanical homogenizer (Polytron PT 1300D) in the tube until no visible tissue remained. 500 μL of methanol and500 μL of heptane were added to each tube. The tubes were attached to avortexer so that the contents were mixed thoroughly for 15 minutes inroom temperature. The organic phase was separated from the aqueous phaseby centrifugation for 10 min at 13K rpm, 4° C. 240 μL of the solutionfrom the top layer (organic phase) was removed and transferred to clean300 μl glass inserts in HPLC vials using glass pipette and the vialswere crimped shut tightly.

The samples were analyzed on an Agilent 1100 HPLC system with normalphase column: SILICA (Beckman Coutlier, dp 5 μm, 4.6 mM×250 mM). Therunning method has a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min; solvent components are 15%solvent 1 (1% isopropanol in ethyl acetate), and 85% solvent 2 (100%hexanes). Loading volume for each sample is 100 μl; detection wavelengthis 360 nm. The area under the curve for 11-cis retinal oxime wascalculated by Agilent Chemstation software and was recorded manually.Data processing was performed using Prizm software.

Positive control mice (no compound administered) were sacrificed fullydark-adapted and the eye retinoids analyzed. Light (bleached) controlmice (no compound administered) were sacrificed and retinoids isolatedand analyzed immediately after light treatment.

A dose response in vivo isomerase inhibition study was performed withthe compounds of Examples 2, 18, 19, 100, and 101 (Compounds 2, 18, 19,100 and 101). Male Balb/c mice (8/group) were dosed orally with 0.03,0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg of Compound 2-HCl, Compound 18-HCl, Compound100-HCl, or Compound 101-HCl in sterile water as solution, andphotobleached 4 hours after dosing. Animals that received Compound-19HCl were orally dosed with 0.01 and 1 mg/kg of compound in sterile wateras solution, and photobleached 4 hours after dosing. Recovery andretinoid analysis were performed as described above. Dark control micewere vehicle-only treated, sacrificed fully dark adapted without lighttreatment, and analyzed. The concentration-dependent inhibition ofisomerase activity at 4 hours post dosing of the Compounds 2, 18, and 19are presented in FIGS. 2-4. Inhibition of 11-cis retinal (oxime)recovery for Compounds 2, 18, 19, 100 and 101 are presented in FIGS. 5-9respectively. The estimated ED₅₀ (dose of compound that gives 50%inhibition of 11-cis retinal (oxime) recovery) are presented in Table 1SB.

A time course study was performed to determine the isomerase inhibitoryactivity of Compounds 2, 18 and 19. Male Balb/c mice (4/group) received3 mg Compound 2-HCl, Compound 18-HCl or Compound 19-HCl (in water) perkg bodyweight orally, by gavage. The animals were then “photo-bleached”(5000 Lux white light for 10 minutes) at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours afterdosing, and returned to darkness to allow recovery of the 11-cis-retinalcontent of the eyes. Mice were sacrificed 2 hours after bleaching, eyeswere enucleated, and retinoid content was analyzed by HPLC. Results arepresented in FIGS. 10-12.

A single dose study of the compound of Example 36 (Compound 36) wasperformed, at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg oral dosing, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hourspost bleaching. The experiments were carried out in CD1 male mice.Results were analyzed by HPLC. Results are presented in FIGS. 13 (1mg/kg) and 14 (5 mg/kg data) and in Table 15C. Example 36 was inactiveat 1 mg/kg (FIG. 13) and at 5 mg/kg was ˜50% active at 2 and 6 h withfull recovery at 24 h (FIG. 14).

TABLE 15A IN VIVO INHIBITION DATA % Inibition % Inibition 1 mg/kg 5mg/kg Example No. 4 h 24 h 4 h 24 h 2 18 11 0 0 17 0 8 0 0 7 49 0 19 380 0 8 1 37 23 9 73 0 4 21 0 95 0 24 0 0 27 0 32 75 14 27 7 6 65 0 28 270 31 18 0 1 3 0 25 1 0 26 18 0 47 100 2 54 67 58 50 13 31 51 0 0 52 72 255 16 7 79 7 1 81 8 3 57 8 21 59 31 0 74 8 0 80 22 0 69 81 10 60 10 9 780 0 61 0 0 62 0 0 63 11 0 99 31 0

TABLE 15B IN VIVO INHIBITION DATA Example # ED50 2 .69 18 1.73 19 .33100 .2 101 .38

TABLE 15C IN VIVO INHIBITION DATA 1 mg/kg 5 mg/kg % Inhibition %Inhibition Example # 2 h 6 h 24 h 2 h 6 h 24 h 36 6 5 0 46 45 0

Example 195 Preparation of Retinal Neuronal Cell Culture System

This Example describes methods for preparing a long-term culture ofretinal neuronal cells. All compounds and reagents are obtained fromSigma Aldrich Chemical Corporation (St. Louis, Mo.) except as noted.

Retinal Neuronal Cell Culture

Porcine eyes are obtained from Kapowsin Meats, Inc. (Graham, Wash.).Eyes are enucleated, and muscle and tissue are cleaned away from theorbit. Eyes are cut in half along their equator and the neural retina isdissected from the anterior part of the eye in buffered saline solution,according to standard methods known in the art. Briefly, the retina,ciliary body, and vitreous are dissected away from the anterior half ofthe eye in one piece, and the retina is gently detached from the clearvitreous. Each retina is dissociated with papain (WorthingtonBiochemical Corporation, Lakewood, N.J.), followed by inactivation withfetal bovine serum (FBS) and addition of 134 Kunitz units/ml of DNaseI.The enzymatically dissociated cells are triturated and collected bycentrifugation, resuspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium(DMEM)/F12 medium (Gibco BRL, Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad,Calif.) containing 25 μg/ml of insulin, 100 μg/ml of transferrin, 60 μMputrescine, 30 nM selenium, 20 nM progesterone, 100 U/ml of penicillin,100 μg/ml of streptomycin, 0.05 M Hepes, and 10% FBS. Dissociatedprimary retinal cells are plated onto Poly-D-lysine- and Matrigel- (BD,Franklin Lakes, N.J.) coated glass coverslips that are placed in 24-welltissue culture plates (Falcon Tissue Culture Plates, Fisher Scientific,Pittsburgh, Pa.). Cells are maintained in culture for 5 days to onemonth in 0.5 ml of media (as above, except with only 1% FBS) at 37° C.and 5% CO₂.

Immunocytochemistry Analysis

The retinal neuronal cells are cultured for 1, 3, 6, and 8 weeks, andthe cells are analyzed by immunohistochemistry at each time point.Immunocytochemistry analysis is performed according to standardtechniques known in the art. Rod photoreceptors are identified bylabeling with a rhodopsin-specific antibody (mouse monoclonal, diluted1:500; Chemicon, Temecula, Calif.). An antibody to mid-weightneurofilament (NFM rabbit polyclonal, diluted 1:10,000, Chemicon) isused to identify ganglion cells; an antibody to β3-tubulin (G7121 mousemonoclonal, diluted 1:1000, Promega, Madison, Wis.) is used to generallyidentify interneurons and ganglion cells, and antibodies to calbindin(AB1778 rabbit polyclonal, diluted 1:250, Chemicon) and calretinin(AB5054 rabbit polyclonal, diluted 1:5000, Chemicon) are used toidentify subpopulations of calbindin- and calretinin-expressinginterneurons in the inner nuclear layer. Briefly, the retinal cellcultures are fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Polysciences, Inc,Warrington, Pa.) and/or ethanol, rinsed in Dulbecco's phosphate bufferedsaline (DPBS), and incubated with primary antibody for 1 hour at 37° C.The cells are then rinsed with DPBS, incubated with a secondary antibody(Alexa 488- or Alexa 568-conjugated secondary antibodies (MolecularProbes, Eugene, Oreg.)), and rinsed with DPBS. Nuclei are stained with4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Molecular Probes), and the culturesare rinsed with DPBS before removing the glass coverslips and mountingthem with Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, Ala.) on glassslides for viewing and analysis.

Survival of mature retinal neurons after varying times in culture isindicated by the histochemical analyses. Photoreceptor cells areidentified using a rhodopsin antibody; ganglion cells are identifiedusing an NFM antibody; and amacrine and horizontal cells are identifiedby staining with an antibody specific for calretinin.

Cultures are analyzed by counting rhodopsin-labeled photoreceptors andNFM-labeled ganglion cells using an Olympus IX81 or CZX41 microscope(Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Twenty fields of view are counted per coverslipwith a 20× objective lens. Six coverslips are analyzed by this methodfor each condition in each experiment. Cells that are not exposed to anystressor are counted, and cells exposed to a stressor are normalized tothe number of cells in the control.

Example 196 Effect of Alkynyl Phenyl Derivative Compounds on RetinalCell Survival

This Example describes the use of the mature retinal cell culture systemthat comprises a cell stressor for determining the effects of an alkynylphenyl derivative compound on the viability of the retinal cells.

Retinal cell cultures are prepared as described in Example 195. A2E isadded as a retinal cell stressor. After culturing the cells for 1 week,a chemical stress, A2E, is applied. A2E is diluted in ethanol and addedto the retinal cell cultures at concentration of 0, 10 μM, 20 μM, and 40μM. Cultures are treated for 24 and 48 hours. A2E is obtained from Dr.Koji Nakanishi (Columbia University, New York City, N.Y.) or issynthesized according to the method of Parish et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 95:14602-13 (1998)). An alkynyl phenyl derivative compound isthen added to the culture. To other retinal cell cultures, an alkynylphenyl derivative compound is added before application of the stressoror is added at the same time that A2E is added to the retinal cellculture. The cultures are maintained in tissue culture incubators forthe duration of the stress at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells are thenanalyzed by immunocytochemistry as described in Example 133.

Apoptosis Analysis

Retinal cell cultures are prepared as described in Example 195 andcultured for 2 weeks and then exposed to white light stress at 6000 luxfor 24 hours followed by a 13-hour rest period. A device was built touniformly deliver light of specified wavelengths to specified wells ofthe 24-well plates. The device contained a fluorescent cool white bulb(GE P/N FC12T9/CW) wired to an AC power supply. The bulb is mountedinside a standard tissue culture incubator. White light stress isapplied by placing plates of cells directly underneath the fluorescentbulb. The CO₂ levels are maintained at 5%, and the temperature at thecell plate is maintained at 37° C. The temperature was monitored byusing thin thermocouples. The light intensities for all devices weremeasured and adjusted using a light meter from Extech InstrumentsCorporation (P/N 401025; Waltham, Mass.). An alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative compound is added to wells of the culture plates prior toexposure of the cells to white light and is added to other wells of thecultures after exposure to white light. To assess apoptosis, TUNEL isperformed as described herein.

Apoptosis analysis is also performed after exposing retinal cells toblue light. Retinal cell cultures are cultured as described in Example195. After culturing the cells for 1 week, a blue light stress isapplied. Blue light is delivered by a custom-built light-source, whichconsists of two arrays of 24 (4×6) blue light-emitting diodes (SunbriteLED P/N SSP-01TWB7UWB12), designed such that each LED is registered to asingle well of a 24 well disposable plate. The first array is placed ontop of a 24 well plate full of cells, while the second one is placedunderneath the plate of cells, allowing both arrays to provide a lightstress to the plate of cells simultaneously. The entire apparatus isplaced inside a standard tissue culture incubator. The CO₂ levels aremaintained at 5%, and the temperature at the cell plate is maintained at37° C. The temperature is monitored with thin thermocouples. Current toeach LED is controlled individually by a separate potentiometer,allowing a uniform light output for all LEDs. Cell plates are exposed to2000 lux of blue light stress for either 2 hours or 48 hours, followedby a 14-hour rest period. An alkynyl phenyl-linked amine derivativecompound is added to wells of the culture plates prior to exposure ofthe cells to blue light and is added to other wells of the culturesafter exposure to blue light. To assess apoptosis, TUNEL is performed asdescribed herein.

To assess apoptosis, TUNEL is performed according to standard techniquespracticed in the art and according to the manufacturer's instructions.Briefly, the retinal cell cultures are first fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde and then ethanol, and then rinsed in DPBS. The fixedcells are incubated with TdT enzyme (0.2 units/μl final concentration)in reaction buffer (Fermentas, Hanover, Md.) combined with Chroma-TideAlexa568-5-dUTP (0.1 μM final concentration) (Molecular Probes) for 1hour at 37° C. Cultures are rinsed with DPBS and incubated with primaryantibody either overnight at 4° C. or for 1 hour at 37° C. The cells arethen rinsed with DPBS, incubated with Alexa 488-conjugated secondaryantibodies, and rinsed with DPBS. Nuclei are stained with DAPI, and thecultures are rinsed with DPBS before removing the glass coverslips andmounting them with Fluoromount-G on glass slides for viewing andanalysis.

Cultures are analyzed by counting TUNEL-labeled nuclei using an OlympusIX81 or CZX41 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Twenty fields of vieware counted per coverslip with a 20× objective lens. Six coverslips areanalyzed by this method for each condition. Cells that are not exposedto an alkynyl phenyl derivative compound are counted, and cells exposedto the antibody are normalized to the number of cells in the control.Data are analyzed using the unpaired Student's t-test.

Example 197 In Vivo Light Mouse Model

This Example describes the effect of an alkynyl phenyl-linked aminederivative in an in vivo light damage mouse model.

Exposure of the eye to intense white light can cause photo-damage to theretina. The extent of damage after light treatment can be evaluated bymeasuring cytoplasmic histone-associated-DNA-fragment (mono- andoligonucleosomes) content in the eye (see, e.g. Wenzel et al., Prog.Retin. Eye Res. 24:275-306 (2005)).

Dark adapted male Balb/c (albino, 10/group) mice are gavaged with theCompounds of at various doses (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) orvehicle only is administered. Six hours after dosing, the animals aresubjected to light treatment (8,000 lux of white light for 1 hour). Miceare sacrificed after 40 hours of recovery in dark, and retinas aredissected. A cell death detection ELISA assay is performed according tothe manufacturer's instructions (ROCHE APPLIED SCIENCE, Cell DeathDetection ELISA plus Kit). Contents of fragmented DNA in the retinas aremeasured to estimate the retinal-protective activity of the compounds.

Example 198 Electroretinographic (ERG) Study

This example describes determining the effect of an alkyne derivativecompound that is a visual cycle modulator on the magnitude of the ERGresponse in the eyes of mice after oral dosing of the animals with thecompound. The level of ERG response in the eyes is determined 18 and 66hours after administering the compound to the animals.

Three groups of nine-week old mice (19-25 grams), both genders (strainC5 7BL/6, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) are housed atroom temperature, 72±4° F. and relative humidity of approximately 25%.Animals are housed in a 12-hour light/dark cycle environment, have freeaccess to feed and drinking water and are checked for general health andwell-being prior to use and during the study. Body weights aredetermined for a representative sample of mice prior to initiation ofdosing. The average weight determined from this sampling is used toestablish the dose for all mice in the study.

Each test compound is dissolved in the control solvent (EtOH), anddiluted 1:10 (90 ml/900 ml) in corn oil (Crisco Pure Corn Oil, J.M.Smucker Company, Orrville, Ohio) to the desired dose (mg/kg) in thedesired volume (0.1 mL/animal). The control vehicle is ethanol:corn:oil(1:10 (0.9 ml/9 ml)). The treatment designations and animal assignmentsare described in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Dose Group Route Treatment (mg/kg) Animals 1 oral Example 2 0.54 2 oral Example 2 1 7* Control oral Vehicle None 4 *aggregated resultfrom 2 studies (n = 4, n = 3, respectively)

Animals are dosed once orally by gavage, with the assigned vehiclecontrol or test compounds during the light cycle (between 30 min and 3hours 30 min after the beginning of the light cycle). The volume of theadministered dose does not exceed 10 mL/kg.

ERG recordings are made on dark-adapted and, subsequently (during thecourse of the same experiment), on light-adapted states. For thedark-adapted response, animals are housed in a dark-adapted environmentfor at least 1 hour prior to the recording, commencing at least 30minutes after the start of the light cycle.

At eighteen and sixty six hours after dosing, the mice were anesthetizedwith a mixture of Ketamine and Xylazine (100 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg,respectively) and placed on a heating pad to maintain stable core bodytemperature during the course of the experiment. Pupils were dilated byplacing a 5 microliter drop of mydriatic solution (tropicamide 0.5%) inthe recorded eye. A mouse corneal monopolar contact lens electrode (MayoCorporation, Inazawa, Aichi, Japan) was placed on the cornea, and asubcutaneous reference low profile needle 12 mm electrode (GrassTelefactor, W Warwick, R.I.) was placed medial from the eye. A groundneedle electrode was placed in the tail. Data collection was obtainedusing an Espion E² (Diagnosys LLC, Littleton, Mass.) ERG recordingsystem with Color Dome Ganzfeld stimulator. Full dark-adaptedintensity-response function was determined following a brief white flashstimuli of 14 intensities ranging from 0.0001 cd·s/m² to 333 cd·s/m².Subsequently, full light-adapted intensity-response function wasdetermined following a brief white flash stimuli of 9 intensitiesranging from 0.33 cd·s/m² to 333 cd·s/m². Analysis of the obtainedresponses was done off-line. Intensity-response function determinationwas done by fitting a sigmoid function to the data (Naka K I, RushtonWash., 1966; Naka K I, Rushton Wash., 1967). ERG responses aresummarized in Tables 17 and 18 below.

TABLE 17 DARK-ADAPTED ERG RESPONSE 4 h 25 h b-wave b-wave ampl. ampl.Example 0.01 Change vs. 0.01 Change vs. Number Dose cd · s/m² control(%) cd · s/m² control (%) Vehicle 537* Example 2 0.5 265 −50.65% Example2 1  32* −94.04% 430 −19.93%** *aggregated average; **compared to 4hours vehicle

TABLE 18 LIGHT-ADAPTED ERG RESPONSE DATA 4 h 25 h Example V_(max) Changevs. V_(max) Change vs. Number Dose average* control (%) average* control(%) Vehicle 148 Example 2 0.5 202 36.49% Example 2 1 262* 77.03% 28491.89%** *aggregated average; **compared to 4 hours vehicle

At 4 hours post-dose, dark-adapted ERG was suppressed in adose-proportional manner by 2 doses (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) of the compound.Both doses enhanced the maximal light-adapted ERG response. At 25 hourspost dose, dark-adapted ERG increased significantly at 25 hours,remaining within <20% of the vehicle-treated animals. The light-adaptedERG response remained enhanced.

A related example describes determining the effect of an alkynederivative compound that is a visual cycle modulator on the level of ERGresponse in the eyes of mice after oral dosing of the animals with thecompound. The experimental procedure is the same as that described inthe previous example with the following exceptions: 12 to 16-week oldBALB/c mice were used (body weights 16-25 g). ERG responses aresummarized in Tables 19 and 20 below.

TABLE 18 DARK-ADAPTED ERG RESPONSE DATA 4 h 25 h b-wave b-wave ampl.ampl. Example 0.01 Change vs. 0.01 Change vs. Number Dose cd · s/m²control (%) cd · s/m² Control (%) Vehicle 558* Example 0.2 263 −52.89%19 Example 0.3 107* −80.77% 247 −55.75%** 19 Example 0.6  23 −95.92% 19*aggregated average; **compared to 4 hours vehicle

TABLE 20 LIGHT-ADAPTED ERG RESPONSE DATA 4 h 25 h Example V_(max) Changevs. V_(max) Change vs. Number Dose average* control (%) average* control(%) Vehicle 163 Example 0.2 163 −0.13% 19 Example 0.3 181 11.33% 18010.66% 19 Example 0.6 173  6.34% 19 *aggregated average; **compared to 4hours vehicle

The dosing resulted in a significant and dose-dependent (53%-96%)suppression of ERG dark-adapted intensity-response function for the 3doses. This was accompanied by a relatively small (<15%) increase inphotopic V_(max).

Example 199 Effect of an Alkynyl Phenyl Derivative Compound on Reductionof Lipofuscin Fluorophores

This Example describes the capability of an alkynyl phenyl derivativecompound to reduce the level of existing A2E in the retina of mice aswell as prevention of the formation of A2E.

The eyes of abca4-null (abca4 −/−) mutant mice (see, e.g., Weng et al.,Cell 98:13-23 (1999) have an increased accumulation of lipofuscinfluorophores, such as A2E (see, e.g., Karan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 102:4164-69 (2005)). Compounds (1 mg/kg) or vehicle areadministered daily for three months by oral gavage to abca4^(−/−) micethat are about 2 months old. Mice are sacrificed after three months oftreatment. Retinas and RPE are extracted for A2E analysis.

A similar experiment is performed with aged balb/c mice (10 months old).The test mice are treated with 1 mg/kg/day of compounds for three monthsand the control mice are treated with vehicle

Example 200 Effect of an Alkynyl Phenyl Derivative Compound on RetinoidNuclear Receptor Activity

Retinoid nuclear receptor activity is associated with transduction ofthe non-visual physiologic, pharmacologic, and toxicologic retinoidsignals that affect tissue and organ growth, development,differentiation, and homeostasis.

The effect of the Compound 4, Compound 28, and Compound 29 and theeffect of a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist(E-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthylenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoicacid) (TTNPB), and of all-trans-retinoic acid (at-RA), which is an RARand retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, were studied on RAR and RXRreceptors essentially as described by Achkar et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 93:4879-84 (1996)). Results of these assays are presented inTable 6. Amounts as great as 10 μM of each of Compound 4-HCl, Compound28-HCl, and Compound 29-HCl did not show any significant effects onretinoid nuclear receptors (RAR and RXR). By comparison, TTNPB and at-RAactivated the RXR_(α), RAR_(α), RAR_(β) and RAR_(γ) receptors asexpected (Table 21).

TABLE 21 RARα RARβ RARγ RXRα EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ Compound (nM) (nM) (nM)(nM) TTNPB 5.5 +/− 0.3 +/− 0.065 +/− N/A 4.5 0.1 0.005 at-RA N/A N/A N/A316 +/− 57 Cmpd 4 N/D N/D N/D N/D Cmpd 28 N/D N/D N/D N/D Cmpd 29 N/DN/D N/D N/D N/D = No activity detected; N/A = Not applicable

When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecularweight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, allcombinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodimentstherein are intended to be included.

The various embodiments described herein can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications, and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specificembodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration,various modifications may be made. Those skilled in the art willrecognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routineexperimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments describedherein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the followingclaims. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should notbe construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosedin the specification and the claims, but should be construed to includeall possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limitedby the disclosure.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

1. A compound having a structure of Formula (A):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; is a bond,—C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—, or—C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R²⁵)(R²⁶)—C(R¹)(R²)—, —X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—C(R¹)(R²)—,—C(R³²)(R³³)—X—C(R²¹)(R²²)—; X is —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —N(R³¹)—,—C(═O)—, —C(═CH₂)—, —C(═N—NR³⁵)—, or —C(═N—OR³⁵)—; Y is a bond,—C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—, or —C(R²⁷)(R²⁸)—C(R²⁹)(R³⁰)—; R¹ and R² are eachindependently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl,—OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² together form an oxo; R²¹, R²², R³² and R³³are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, orfluoroalkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R²³ and R²⁴ togetherform an oxo; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacent R¹ together form adirect bond to provide a double bond; or optionally, R²³ and an adjacentR¹ together form a direct bond, and R²⁴ and an adjacent R² together forma direct bond to provide a triple bond; R²⁵ and R²⁶ are eachindependently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl,—OR⁶ or —NR⁷R⁸; or R²⁵ and R²⁶ together form an oxo; R³ and R⁴ are eachindependently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl or C-attached heterocyclyl;or R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached,form a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl; or R³ and R⁴ together form an imino;R⁵ is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl,heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; each R⁶ is the same or different andindependently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each thesame or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl,heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹,SO₂NH₂, SO₂NHR⁹ or SO₂N(R⁹)₂; or R⁷ and R⁸, together with the nitrogenatom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; each R⁹ is thesame or different and each is independently alkyl, alkenyl, aryl,carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; R¹² and R¹³ are the same ordifferent and independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, carbocyclyl,heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —C(═O)R⁹, SO₂R⁹, CO₂R⁹, SO₂NH₂ SO₂NHR⁹or SO₂N(R⁹)₂; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to whichthey are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and each R¹⁴ is the same ordifferent and independently alkyl, halo, fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; each R²⁷,R²⁸, R²⁹ and R³¹ are the same or different and independently hydrogen,alkyl or —OR⁶; and R³⁰ and R³⁵ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅alkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is —C(R²³)(R²⁴)—C(R¹)(R²)—.3. The compound of claim 2 wherein R⁵ is aryl.
 4. The compound of claim3 wherein R⁵ is phenyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure ofFormula (B):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; n is 0, 1, 2, 3,4 or 5; R¹ and R² are each independently selected from hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R¹ and R² togetherform an oxo; R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen oralkyl; each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl; each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different andindependently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸,together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form anN-heterocyclyl; each R⁹ is the same or different and independentlyalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; R²³ andR²⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen, halogen,C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or R²³ and R²⁴together form an oxo; R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different andindependently hydrogen, alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and each R¹⁵ is the same or different andindependently alkyl, —OR⁶, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, aryl oraralkyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ ishydrogen.
 6. The compound of claim 5 wherein R¹ and R², are eachindependently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; andR³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.
 7. The compound ofclaim 6 wherein R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen.
 8. The compound of claim 6 wherein m is0; n is 0, 1 or 2; and each R¹⁵ is independently alkyl, —OR⁶ or aryl. 9.The compound of claim 8, wherein the compound is selected from:3-(3-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(biphenyl-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol; and3-amino-1-(3-((2-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol.
 10. Thecompound of claim 3 wherein R⁵ is 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl.
 11. Thecompound of claim 10 wherein each of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ ishydrogen.
 12. The compound of claim 11 wherein m is
 0. 13. The compoundof claim 12, wherein the compound is3-(3-(naphthalen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.
 14. The compound ofclaim 2 wherein R⁵ is C(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷)(R¹⁸), Y is a bond and the compound hasa structure of Formula (C):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R¹ and R² areeach the same or different and independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or R¹ and R² form anoxo; R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogenor alkyl; each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl; each R⁷ and each R⁸ are each the same or different andindependently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸,together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form anN-heterocyclyl; each R⁹ is the same or different and independentlyalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; R²³ andR²⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl,—OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸; or R²³ and R²⁴ together form an oxo; R¹² and R¹³ are thesame or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹²and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, forman N-heterocyclyl; each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independentlyalkyl, halo, fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and each R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are the sameor different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, —OR⁶, carbocyclyl oraryl.
 15. The compound of claim 14 wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ ishydrogen.
 16. The compound of claim 15 wherein R¹ and R² are eachindependently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; andR³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.
 17. The compound ofclaim 16 wherein m is 0, and R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogenor —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen.
 18. The compound of claim 17 whereineach of R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclylor aryl.
 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein the compound is selectedfrom: 4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;5-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)pent-4-yn-2-ol;2-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;3-(3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(hex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(3-cyclopentylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;6-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol;4-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(4-cyclopentylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-(3-(5-methoxypent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(4-phenylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;6-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol; and3-(3-(6-methoxyhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.
 20. The compound ofclaim 17 wherein R¹⁶ is —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl, andeach of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.
 21. Thecompound of claim 20, wherein the compound is selected from:1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;5-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol;3-(3-(3-methoxy-3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-methylhex-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)hex-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol;3-(3-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)oct-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;(R)-3-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol;1-(3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;3-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-(3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;3-amino-2-methyl-1-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;4-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol; and1-amino-3-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol.
 22. The compound ofclaim 2 wherein R⁵ is carbocyclyl.
 23. The compound of claim 22 whereinR⁵ is cycloalkyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure ofFormula (D):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; p is 1, 2, 3, 4,5 or 6; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9; R¹ and R² are each the sameor different and independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl,fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or R¹ and R² together form anoxo; R³ and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogenor alkyl; each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl; each R⁷ and each R⁹ are each the same or different andindependently hydrogen, alkyl, carbocyclyl, heteroalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or —C(═O)R⁹; or R⁷ and R⁸, togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form anN-heterocyclyl; each R⁹ is the same or different and independentlyalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; R²³ andR²⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen, halogen,C₁-C₅ alkyl, fluoroalkyl, —OR⁶, —NR⁷R⁸ or carbocyclyl; or R²³ and R²⁴together form an oxo; R¹² and R¹³ are each the same or different andindependently hydrogen, alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl;each R¹⁴ is the same or different and independently alkyl, halo,fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and each R¹⁹ is the same or different andindependently alkyl, —OR⁶, halo or fluoroalkyl.
 24. The compound ofclaim 23 wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen.
 25. The compound ofclaim 24 wherein R¹ and R², are each independently hydrogen, halogen,C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³ and R²⁴are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, whereinR⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independentlyhydrogen or alkyl.
 26. The compound of claim 25 wherein p is 3 and R⁵ iscyclopentyl.
 27. The compound of claim 25 wherein p is 4, and R⁵ iscyclohexyl.
 28. The compound of claim 25 wherein p is 5, and R⁵ iscycloheptyl.
 29. The compound of claim 25 wherein R¹ and R² are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen.
 30. Thecompound of claim 29 wherein m is
 0. 31. The compound of claim 30wherein q is
 0. 32. The compound of claim 30 wherein q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or5, and each R¹⁹ is independently alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogenor C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 33. The compound of claim 32 wherein the compound isselected from the following:3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;3-amino-1-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-amino-1-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-amino-3-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol;1-((3-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol; and1-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol.
 34. The compound ofclaim 23 wherein R¹² is hydrogen, and R¹³ is —C(═O)R⁹, wherein R⁹ isalkyl.
 35. The compound of claim 34 wherein R¹ and R² are eachindependently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl;R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each hydrogen.
 36. Thecompound of claim 35, wherein m is
 0. 37. The compound of claim 36,wherein q is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and each R¹⁹ is independently alkyl or—OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 38. The compound of claim37, wherein p is 4, and R⁵ is cyclohexyl.
 39. The compound of claim 38,wherein the compound isN-(3-hydroxy-3-(3-((1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl)phenyl)propyl)acetamide.40. The compound of claim 2 wherein R⁵ is heterocyclyl and Y is a bond.41. The compound of claim 40 wherein the heterocyclyl can be optionallysubstituted with —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 42. Thecompound of claim 41 wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen.
 43. Thecompound of claim 42 wherein R¹ and R², are each independently hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen or alkyl.
 44. The compound of claim 42 whereineach of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ is hydrogen.
 45. The compound ofclaim 44 wherein m is
 0. 46. The compound of claim 45 wherein thecompound is selected from the following:4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-ol; and4-((3-(3-aminopropyl)phenyl)ethynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol.
 47. Thecompound of claim 2 wherein R⁵ is heteroaryl and Y is a bond.
 48. Thecompound of claim 47 wherein each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen.
 49. Thecompound of claim 48 wherein R¹ and R², are each independently hydrogen,halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R²³and R²⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or —OR⁶,wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are eachindependently hydrogen or alkyl.
 50. The compound of claim 49 whereineach of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ is hydrogen.
 51. The compound ofclaim 50 wherein m is
 0. 52. The compound of claim 51 wherein thecompound is selected from:3-(3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine;3-(3-(thiophen-2-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine; and3-(3-(thiophen-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)propan-1-amine.
 53. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Z is —O—C(R²¹)(R²²)—, Y is a bond and the compound has astructure of Formula (E):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R²¹ and R²² areeach independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or fluoroalkyl; R³ and R⁴ areeach the same or different and independently hydrogen or alkyl; R⁵ isalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; each R⁶is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R⁹is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; R¹²and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl or—C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; and each R¹⁴ is the same ordifferent and independently alkyl, halo, fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶.
 54. Thecompound of claim 53 wherein R⁵ is —C(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷)(R¹⁸)—, Y is a bond andthe compound has a structure of Formula (F):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R²¹ and R²² areeach independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or fluoroalkyl; R³ and R⁴ areeach the same or different and independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R⁶is the same or different and independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; R⁹is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; R¹²and R¹³ are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl or—C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; each R¹⁴ is the same or differentand independently alkyl, halo, fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶; and R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸are each the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, —OR⁶,carbocyclyl or aryl.
 55. The compound of claim 54 wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen.
 56. The compound of claim 55 wherein each of R²¹,R²², R³ and R⁴ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 57. Thecompound of claim 56 wherein m is
 0. 58. The compound of claim 57wherein each of R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl or—OR⁶, wherein each R⁶ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 59. Thecompound of claim 57 wherein each of R¹⁶, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ is independentlyhydrogen, alkyl or aryl.
 60. The compound of either claim 58 or claim 59wherein the compound is selected from:4-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-isopropyl-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ol;5-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)nonan-5-ol;4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol;2-(3-(hept-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;4-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)but-3-yn-1-ol;2-(3-(3-phenylprop-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;2-(3-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;6-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol;2-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;1-(3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-ethylpent-1-yn-3-ol;4-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)heptan-4-ol;2-(3-(3-ethylpent-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine; and2-(3-(3-propylhex-1-ynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.
 61. The compound of claim53, wherein R⁵ is carbocyclyl.
 62. The compound of claim 61 wherein R⁵is a cycloalkyl, Y is a bond and the compound has a structure of Formula(G):

as a tautomer or a mixture of tautomers, or as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, N-oxide, stereoisomer, geometricisomer or prodrug thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; p is 1, 2, 3, 4or 5; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9; R²¹ and R²² are each the sameor different and independently hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl or fluoroalkyl; R³and R⁴ are each the same or different and independently hydrogen oralkyl; each R⁶ is the same or different and independently hydrogen orC₁-C₅ alkyl; R⁹ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl; R¹² and R¹³ are the same or different and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl or —C(═O)R⁹; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogenatom to which they are attached, form an N-heterocyclyl; each R¹⁴ is thesame or different and independently alkyl, halo, fluoroalkyl or —OR⁶;and each R¹⁹ is the same or different and independently alkyl, —OR⁶,halo or fluoroalkyl.
 63. The compound of claim 62 wherein each of R¹²and R¹³ is hydrogen.
 64. The compound of claim 63 wherein m is
 0. 65.The compound of claim 64 wherein R²¹ and R²² are each independentlyhydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogenor alkyl.
 66. The compound of claim 65 wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³ andR⁴ is hydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 67. The compound of claim 66 wherein, qis 0 or 1, and each R¹⁹ is independently alkyl or —OR⁶, wherein R⁶ ishydrogen or C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 68. The compound of claim 67 wherein thecompound is selected from:1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclopentanol;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cyclohexanol;1-((3-(1-aminopropan-2-yloxy)phenyl)ethynyl)cycloheptanol;2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine;2-(3-(cycloheptylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclohexylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)propan-1-amine;2-(3-(cyclopentylethynyl)phenoxy)-ethanamine; and1-((3-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl)ethynyl)-cycloheptanol.
 69. The compound ofclaim 53 wherein R⁵ is heterocyclyl.
 70. The compound of claim 69wherein m is 0 and each of R¹² and R¹³ is hydrogen.
 71. The compound ofclaim 70 wherein each of R²¹, R²², R³ and R⁴ is independently hydrogenor C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 72. The compound of claim 71, wherein the compound is2-(3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.
 73. The compound of claim53, wherein R⁵ is aryl.
 74. The compound of claim 73, wherein thecompound is 2-(3-(phenylethynyl)phenoxy)ethanamine.
 75. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and thecompound of any one of claims 1-74.
 76. A compound that inhibits11-cis-retinol production with an IC50 of about 1 uM or less whenassayed in vitro, utilizing extract of cells that express RPE65 andLRAT, wherein the extract further comprises CRALBP, wherein the compoundis stable in solution for at least about 1 week at room temperature. 77.The compound of claim 76, wherein the compound inhibits 11-cis-retinolproduction with an IC50 of about 0.1 uM or less.
 78. The compound ofclaim 76, wherein the compound inhibits 11-cis-retinol production withan IC50 of about 0.01 uM or less.
 79. A non-retinoid compound thatinhibits an isomerase reaction resulting in production of 11-cisretinol, wherein said isomerase reaction occurs in RPE, and wherein saidcompound has an ED50 value of 1 mg/kg or less when administered to asubject.
 80. The non-retinoid compound of claim 79 wherein the ED50value is measured after administering a single dose of the compound tosaid subject for about 2 hours or longer.
 81. The compound of claim 76or 79, wherein the compound is an alkynyl compound.
 82. The compound ofclaim 81, wherein the compound is a non-retinoid compound.
 83. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and a compound of any one of claims 1-82.
 84. A method ofmodulating chromophore flux in a retinoid cycle comprising introducinginto a subject a compound of any one of claims 1-82.
 85. A method fortreating an ophthalmic disease or disorder in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 83.86. The method of claim 85 wherein the ophthalmic disease or disorder isage-related macular degeneration or Stargardt's macular dystrophy. 87.The method of claim 85 wherein the ophthalmic disease or disorder isselected from retinal detachment, hemorrhagic retinopathy, retinitispigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, opticneuropathy, inflammatory retinal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticmaculopathy, retinal blood vessel occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity,or ischemia reperfusion related retinal injury, proliferativevitreoretinopathy, retinal dystrophy, hereditary optic neuropathy,Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, uveitis, a retinal injury, a retinal disorderassociated with Alzheimer's disease, a retinal disorder associated withmultiple sclerosis, a retinal disorder associated with Parkinson'sdisease, a retinal disorder associated with viral infection, a retinaldisorder related to light overexposure, myopia, and a retinal disorderassociated with AIDS.
 88. The method according to claim 85 resulting ina reduction of lipofuscin pigment accumulated in an eye of the subject.90. The method according to claim 88 wherein the lipofuscin pigment isN-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine (A2E).